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70 KiB
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4 lines
70 KiB
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Primer from Scan
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
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~)19 ~`~
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1. A Brief Glossary t 1.1
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2. The Mouse and the Keyboard / 2.1
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2.1. The Mouse 2.1
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2.1.1. 2and3ButtonMice 2.1
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2.2. _ The _ Keyhoard _ 2.2
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2.2.1. _ The _ 1186 _ Keyhoard _ 2.2
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2.2.2. _ The _ 1108 _ Keyhoard _ 2.2
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3. Turning On Your Lisp Machine / 3.1
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3.1. _ Turningonthello8 _ 3.1
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3.2. _ Turning on _ the1186 _ 3.2
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3.3. _ Loading _ lntertis~D from the _ Hard _ Disk _ 3.3
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3.4. _ AfterBooting _ Lisp _ 3.5
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3.5. _ Restarting _ Lisp After Logging _ Out _ 3.5
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4. If You Have a Fileserver / 4.1
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4.1. _ Turning on your 1108 _ 4.1
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4.2. _ Turningonyourll86 _ 4.1
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4.3. Location of Files 4.2
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4.4. The Timeserver 4.2
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5. Logging Out And Turning the Machine Off 51
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5.1. _ Logging Out _ 5.1
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5.2. _ Turning _ The _ MachineOff _ 5.2
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6. Typing Shortcuts 6.1
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6.1. _ If you _ makea _ Mistake _ 6.3
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7. Using Menus 7.1
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7.1. _ Making _ a _ Selection from _ a _ Menu _ 7.2
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7.2. _ Explanations _ of _ Menu _ Items _ 7.2
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7.3. Submenus 7.3
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8. How to use Files 8.1
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8.1. _ Types of Files _ 8.1
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TA8~ OF CONTENtt To'.,
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1
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- - - -
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. - - - - . - - , -
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TABLE OF CONTENtr
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8.2. _ Directories _ 8.1
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8.3. _ Directory Options _ 8.2
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8.4. _ Subfile _ Directories _ 8.3
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8.5. _ To See What Filri Are _ Loaded _ 8.3
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8.6. _ Simple Commands for Manipulating _ Filu _ 8.3
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\
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8.7. _ to a _ 8.4
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- `.~--y Connecting _ Directory
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\ s 8.8. _ File Vettion _ Numbers _ 8.4
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9. FileBrowser 9.1
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9.1. _ Calling the _ FileSrowser _ 9.1
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9.2. FileBrowserCommands 9.3
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10. ffose Wondertul Windows! 10.1
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10.1. _ Windows _ provided _ by lnterlis~D _ 10.1
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10.2. _ Creating a _ window _ 10.2
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10.3. _ The Right _ Button DefaultWindow _ Menu _ 10.2
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10.4. _ An _ explanation of each _ menu _ item _ 10.3
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10.5. _ krollable Windows _ 10.3
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10.6. Other Window Functions 10.5
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10.6.1. PROMPTPRlNT 10.5
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10.6.2. _ WHlCHW _ 10.6
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11. Editing and Saving 11.1
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11.1. _ Defining _ Functions _ 11.1
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11.2. Simple Editing in the 1nterlis~D Executive Window 11.2
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YA8~ OF cottnritt
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iA.3. _ Wùys to Stop Exùcution from thù Kùyboard, called _ 1ùrùùhlng LIzp5 _ 14.3
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t4.4. _ Programming _ Brùaks and Dùbugging Codù _ 14.4
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14.5. Break Monu 14.4
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14.6. _ Returning to Top Lovùl _ `4.5
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15. _ On-Line _ Help _ with _ Interlisp-D: _ HELPSYS and _ DlNFO _ ~ _ 15.1
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15.1. _ HelpSys _ 15.1
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15.2. Dlnfo 15.1
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16. Floppy Disks / 16.1
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16.1. _ Buying Floppy Disks _ 16.1
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16.2. _ Basic Floppy Disk Information _ 16.1
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16.3. _ Care of Floppies _ 16.2
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16.4. _ Write Enabling and Write Protecting _ Floppies _ 16.3
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16.4.1. _ Write Enabling an _ 1108's _ Floppy _ Disk _ 16.3
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16.4.2. _ Write Protecting an _ 1186's Floppy Disk _ 16.3
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16.5. _ Inserting _ Floppies _ intothe _ Floppy Drive _ 16.3
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16.6. _ Functions for Floppy Disks _ 16.4
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16.6.1. _ Formatting Floppies _ 16.4
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16.6.2. _ Available Space on a Floppy Disk _ 16.4
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16.6.3. _ The Name ofa Floppy Disk _ 16.4
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16.6.4. _ FLOPPY.MODE _ 16.5
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17. Duplicating Floppy Disks 17.1
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17.1. _ Supplies _ 17.1
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17.2. _ Preparabon _ 17.1
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17.2.1. _ Handling _ Floppy _ Disks _ 17.1
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17.2.2. _ Setup _ 17.1
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17.3. _ Copying _ Floppy Disks _ 17.2
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18. Sysout Files 18.1
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18.1. _ Loading SYSOUT Filri _ 18.1
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18.1.1. _ Loading a _ SYSOUTfile on the _ 1108 _ 18.1
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18.1.2. _ Loading a SYSOuTfileonthe _ 1186 _ 18.2
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18.2. _ Making _ Your Own SYSOUT File _ 18.3
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19. Using the Epson FX80 Printer ~ 19.1
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19.1. _ Initializing the RS232 Port _ 19.1
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19.2. _ Power upthe Printer _ 19.1
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19.3. _ to Align Top of Page _ 19.1
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YA8~ OF CONTENTS TOC.3
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TABLE OF CONTEND yl
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19.4. _ Fundions To Print Filri and _ Bitmapf _ 19.2
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19.4.1. _ RS232.Print _ 19.2
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19.4.2. _ FXWSTREAM _ 19.2
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19.4.3. _ Printing a Portion of the Screen _ 19.3
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20. R5232 File Transfer With a VAX 20.1
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20.1. _ Prerequisites _ 20.1
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20.2. _ Using Chat to Transfer Filri _ 20.1
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21. Ethernet File Transfer 21.1
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21.1. _ Prerequisites _ 21.1
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21.2. File Transfer 21.1
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22. WhatToDolf...
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22.1
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ù;;23. The Text œditor,TEdit 23.1
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23.1. _ Using TEdit _ 23.1
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23.2. _ Managing the edit Window _ 23.2
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23.3. _ Seleding _ Tert _ 23.3
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23.4. _ Deleting, Copying, and _ Moving Text with edit _ 23.4
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23.4.1. _ Deleting Text From a File _ 23.4
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23.4.2. _ Copying _ Text _ 23.4
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23.4.3. _ Moving _ Text _ 23.5
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23.5. _ rtdit Menus _ 23.6
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23.5.1. _ Finding _ and _ Substituting Text with _ edit _ 23.7
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23.5.1.1. _ Finding Text _ 23.7
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23.5.1.2. _ Substituting Text _ 23.8
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23.5.L _ Text Formatting _ 23.10
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23.5.2.1. _ Choosing Fonts _ 23.10
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23.5.2.2. _ Paragraph _ Formatting _ 23.11
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23.5.3. _ Adding _ Bitmaps and Sketches to your TEdit File _ 23.13
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23.5.3.t. _ Adding a _ Bitmap to your TEdit file _ 23.13
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23.5.3.2. _ Adding a Sketch to your TEdit file _ 23.14
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23.5.4. _ Getting and _ Including _ Filri _ 23.14
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23.5.4.1. _ Get _ 23.14
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23.5.4.2. _ Include _ 23.14
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23.5.5. _ Saving and Printing Files _ 23.15
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24. _ Records _ May _ BG _ Your _ Favorite _ Data _ Structure! _ 24.1
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2&1. _ Interlisp Record ~imitlves _ 24.1
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T~.. rAa~0fC0NTENrt
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TABLE OF OoNTENfl
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24.2. _ Exomplo _ 24.3
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24.3. _ AFùwflps _ 24.4
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25. Local Variables - Using LET and PR0G 7 25.1
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25.1. _ LET _ 25.1
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25.2. _ PfloG _ 25.3
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25.3. _ Porillol _ vottus _ S~uential _ Vorioblo _ Binding _ 25.6
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25.3.1. _ L~ _ 25.6
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25.3.2. _ PROGù _ 25.7
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26. lterative statements 26.1
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26.1. _ General _ Strudurc and _ Use _ 26.1
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26.2. _ Local _ Variables _ 26.2
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26.3. _ lteration _ On _ Lists _ 26.3
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26.4. _ Parallel _ lteration _ 26.4
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26.5. _ Conditional _ lteration _ 26.5
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26.6. _ More _ lteration _ 26.6
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27. Window and Regions 27.1
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27.1. _ Windows _ 27.1
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27.1.1. _ CREATEW _ 27.1
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27.1.2. _ WlNDOWPROP _ 27.2
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27.1.3. _ Getting windows to do things _ 27.3
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27.1.3.1. _ BUflONEVENTFN _ 27.4
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27.1.4. _ Looking at a _ window's properties _ 27.5
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27.2. _ Regions _ 27.5
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28. What Are Menus? 281
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28.1. _ Displaying _ Menus _ 28.1
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28.2. _ Getting _ Menus to DO Stuff _ 28.2
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28.2.1. The WHENHELDFH and WHENSELE~DFN fields of a
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menu 28.4
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28.3. _ Looking _ at a _ menu's fields _ 28.5
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29. Bitmaps 29.1
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30. Displaystreams 30.1
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30.1. _ Drawing _ on a _ Displaystream _ 30.1
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30.1.1. _ DliWUNE _ 30.1
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30.1.2. _ DliWTO _ 30.2
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30.1.3. _ DliWaRCLE _ 30.3
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TABS OF CONTENff TOC.5
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l
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TABS OF CON~Nfl
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30.1.3.1. _ FlLLGRCLE _ 30.3
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30.2. _ Locating and _ Changing _ Your Position _ in _ a _ Displaystream _ 30.4
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30.2.1. _ DSPXP0SlflON _ 30.5
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30.2.2. _ DSPYPOSlBON _ 30.5
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30.2.3. _ MOVETO _ 30.5
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31. Fonts 31.1
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31.1. _ WhatmakesupaFONn _ 31.1
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31.2. _ Fontdescriptors, and _ FONTCREATE _ 31.2
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31.3. _ Display Fonts-Theirfiles, and how to find them _ 31.3
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31.4. _ Interpress _ Fonts- Their files, and _ how to find them _ 31.4
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31.5. _ Functions for Using Fonts _ 31.4
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31.5.1. _ FOHTPROP - _ Looking at Font Properties _ 31.4
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31.5.2. _ SffllNGWlDTH _ 31.5
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31.5.3. _ DSPFONT- Changing the Font in _ One Window _ 31.6
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31.5.4. _ GIo~IlyChanging Fonts _ 31.7
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31.5.5. _ Pettonalizing _ Your Font Profile _ 31.7
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32. The Inspetror 32.1
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32.1. _ Calling the Inspector _ 32.1
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32.2. _ Using _ the _ Inspector _ 32.2
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32.3. _ Inspector _ Example _ 32.2
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33. Masterscope 33.1
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33.1. _ The SHOW DATA command and GRAPHER _ 33.2
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33.2. Databasefns: Automatic Conrtruction and Upkeep of a Mastettcope
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Data~se _ 33.3
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34. Where Does All the Time Go? SPY 34.1
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34.1. _ How to use Spy with the SAY Window _ 34.1
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34.2. _ How to use _ SPY from the _ Lisp Top Level _ 34.2
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343. _ Interpreting _ SPY's Results _ 34.2
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35. SKETCH 35.1
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35.1. _ Starting _ Sketch _ 35.1
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35.2. _ Selecting _ Sketch elements _ 35.1
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35.3. _ Drawing _ with _ Sketch _ 35.2
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35.3.1. _ Simplù Shapes: _ Circles, Ellipsriù and _ Boxes _ 35.3
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35.3.1.1. _ Drawing _ Circlri _ 35.3
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35.3.1.1 _ Elllpsri _ 35.3
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TA.G TAlLE0fC0NFENrt `/`
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----- Next Message -----
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Date: 19 Dec 91 14:18 PST
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From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
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To: sybalsky
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||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.141853pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
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||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11640>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:19:05 PST
|
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Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:18:53 -0800
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From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
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-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
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TABLE OF CONTENff
|
||
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42. _ Simple _ Interactions _ with _ the _ Cursor, _ a _ Bitm&p, _ and _ & _ Window _ 42.1
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42.1. _ An _ Example Function _ Using _ GETHOUSESTATE _ 42.1
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42.2. _ Advising _ GETMOUSESTATE _ 42.2
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42.3. _ Changing the Cursor _ 42.2
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42.4. _ Functions for _ "Tracing the cursor" _ 42.3
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42.5. _ Running the Functions _ 42.6
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43. Glossary of Global System Variables 43.1
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43.1. _ Directories _ 43.1
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43.2. _ Flags _ 43.2
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43.3. _ Hirtory _ Lists _ 43.3
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43.4. _ Syrtem _ Menus _ 43.3
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43.5. _ Windows _ 43.4
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43.6. _ Miscellaneous _ 43.4
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44. Other References that will be Useful to You 44.1
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TA.G TAaU0FC0NTENff
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|
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PREFACE
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it wos dawn and the locd told him it was down the road a p;ece,
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lefl &t the hst fishing bridge in the counvy right at the apple
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tree stump, and onto the d;rt roadjust before the hill. At
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m;dnight he knew he was lo$t.
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||
-Anonymous
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||
|
||
Welcome to the Interlisp-D programming environment! The
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||
Interlis~D environment truly must be one of the most
|
||
sophisticated and powerful tools in use by human beings.
|
||
Overall, it is flexible, well thought out, and full of pleasant
|
||
surprises: "Wow, here are exactly the set of functions l thought
|
||
I'd need to write." Unfortunately, along with the power comes
|
||
mind-numbing complexity. The Intedisp Refertnce Manual
|
||
describes the functions and some of the tools available in the
|
||
Interlisp-D environment. To do this takes three large volumes.
|
||
Other volumes are needed to document the library packages and
|
||
other newly written tools. Needless to say, it is very difficult to
|
||
learn such a huge amount of material when there is no way to
|
||
determine where to rtart!
|
||
|
||
We developed this primer to provide a starting point for new
|
||
lnterlis~D usert, to enhanceù your excitement and challenge you
|
||
with the potential before you. We assume you know a little
|
||
about LISP, most likely received from taking a survey courte in
|
||
Artificial Intelligence (Al), and have seen a demonrtration of
|
||
how lnterlis~D runs on your 1186 or 1108. We further assume
|
||
that your machine is not on a network system with a file server -
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||
though this is addressed, and that you will be working from
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||
floppy disks and the hard disk that is part of the machine. If this
|
||
describes your situation, you are ready to sit down in front of
|
||
your machine and follow the ste~by-step examples provided in
|
||
this primer.
|
||
|
||
The primer is broken into many small chapters, and these
|
||
chapters are organized into five parts. You may want to read
|
||
Parts 1 through 3 straight through, since they describe the basics
|
||
of using the machine. Each chapter in Sections 4 and 5, however,
|
||
can be used to learn a specific skill whenever you are ready to for
|
||
it
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||
|
||
Part one, "Introduction", includes Chapters 1 and 2. Part two,
|
||
"Getting Into/Out of Interlisp", includes Chapters 3 through 5.
|
||
Part three, "The lnterlis~D language and Programming
|
||
Environment", includes Chapters 6 through IS. These chapters
|
||
discuss primary elements in lnterIis~D, and orient you in relation
|
||
to those elements. Part four, "Important Other Things to Know
|
||
to Work Successfully", includes Chapters 16 through 31. Part
|
||
five, "More Language and Environment and Packages", includes
|
||
Chapters 32 through 44.
|
||
|
||
PREFAcE v
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 14:20 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.142054pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11636>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:21:05 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:20:54 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
PREFACE
|
||
|
||
Through out we make reference to the lnterlis~D Reference
|
||
Manual by section and page number. The material in the primer
|
||
is just an introduction. When you need more depth use the
|
||
detailed treatment provided in the manual.
|
||
|
||
While only you can plot your ultimate destination, you will flnd
|
||
this primer indispensable for clearly defining and guiding you to
|
||
the first landmarks on your way.
|
||
|
||
Acknowledgements The early inspiration and model for this primer came from the
|
||
Intelligent Tutoring Systems group and the Learning Research
|
||
and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh. We
|
||
gratefully acknowledge their pioneering contribution to more
|
||
effective artificial intelligence.
|
||
|
||
This primer was developed by Computer Possibilities, a company
|
||
committed to making Al technology available. Primary
|
||
development and writing was done by Cynthia Cosic, with
|
||
technical writing support provided by Sam Zordich.
|
||
|
||
At Xerox Artificial Intelligence Systems, John Vittal managed and
|
||
directed the project. Substantial assistance was provided by
|
||
many members of the AlS staff who provided both editorial and
|
||
systems support.
|
||
|
||
PREFA~ ù1
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 14:33 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.143340pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11653>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:33:46 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:33:40 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
1. ABRlEFGLOSSARY
|
||
|
||
The following definitions will acquaint you with general terms
|
||
used throughout this primer. You will probably want to read
|
||
through them now, and use this chapter as a reference while you
|
||
read through the rest of the primer.
|
||
|
||
advising An lnterlis~D facility for specifying function modifications
|
||
without necessarily knowing how a particular function works or
|
||
even what it does. Even system functions can be changed with
|
||
advising.
|
||
|
||
argument An argument is a piece of information given to an lnterlis~D
|
||
function so that it can execute successfully. When a function is
|
||
explained in the primer, the arguments that it requires will also
|
||
be given. Arguments are also called Parametert.
|
||
|
||
atom The smallest rtrvcture in Lisp; like a variable in other
|
||
programming languages, but can also have a property lirt and a
|
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function definition.
|
||
|
||
Background Menu The menu that appears when the mouse is not in any window
|
||
and the right mouse button is pressed. A typical background
|
||
menu is shown in Figure I.I.
|
||
|
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Loops Icon
|
||
FileB'owser
|
||
|
||
Figuro 1.1. The Menu that appeort when the mouse is not in any window, and
|
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the right mouse button is pressed. Your background menu may have some
|
||
different items in it
|
||
|
||
binding The value of a variable. It could be either a local or a global
|
||
variable. See unbound.
|
||
|
||
bitmap A rectangular array of `ù pixels, `ù each of which is on or off
|
||
representing one point in the bitmap image.
|
||
|
||
BREAK An Interlisp function that causes a function to stop executing,
|
||
open a Break window, and allow the user to find out what is
|
||
happening while the function is halted.
|
||
|
||
Break Window A window that opens when an error is encountered while
|
||
running your program (i.e., when your program has broken).
|
||
There are tools to help you debug your program from this
|
||
window. This is explained further in Chapter 14, Page 14.1.
|
||
browse To examine a data strvcture by use of a display that allows the
|
||
user to "move" around within the data rtructure.
|
||
button
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GL0SSARY 1.1
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOssAny
|
||
|
||
(1) (n.) Akeyonamouse.
|
||
|
||
(2) (v.t.) To depress one of the mouse keys when making a selection.
|
||
EAR A function that returns the head or firrt element of a list. See
|
||
CDR.
|
||
|
||
caret The small blinking arrowhead that marks where tert will appear
|
||
when it is typed in from the keyboard. An example of the caret
|
||
in the lnterIis~D Executive Window is shown in Figure 1.2.
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
B6+(PLus 3A
|
||
|
||
Figurù lJ. Me caret is to the right of the numher 3. When a characters frped
|
||
atthe keylsoard. it will ap~ar at the caret
|
||
|
||
CDR A function that returns the tail (that is, everything but the first
|
||
element) ofa list SeeEAR.
|
||
|
||
CLlSP A mechanism for augmenting the standard Lisp syntax. One such
|
||
augmentation included in Interlisp is the iterative rtatement.
|
||
SeeSection 13.1.
|
||
|
||
cr Please press your carriage return key.
|
||
datatype
|
||
|
||
(1) The kind of a datum. In Interlisp, there are many SystemAefine~
|
||
datatypes e.g. Floating Point, Integer, Atom, etc.
|
||
(2) A datatype can also be user~efined. In this case it is like a record
|
||
made up from system types and other user-defined datatypes.
|
||
DWlM D~whatùl-mean. Many errors made by Interlisp users could be
|
||
corrected without any information about the purpose of the
|
||
program or expression in question (e.g. misspellings, certain
|
||
kinds of parenthesis errort). The DWlM facility is called
|
||
automatically whenever an error occurt in the evaluation of an
|
||
Interlisp expression. If DWlM is able to make a correction, the
|
||
computation continues as though no error had occurred;
|
||
otherwise, the standard error mechanism is invoked.
|
||
error Occasionally, while a program is running, an error may occur
|
||
which will stop the computation. Interlisp provides ertensive
|
||
facilities for detecting and handling error conditions, to enable
|
||
the testing, debugging, and revising of impertect programs.
|
||
evaluate or EVAL Means to flnd the value of a form. For example, if the variable X
|
||
is bound to 5, we get 5 by evaluating X. Evaluation of a Interlisp
|
||
function involves evaluating thù arguments and then applying
|
||
thùfunction.
|
||
|
||
file packagù A set of functions and convùntions that facilitato thù
|
||
bookkeùping involved with working in i largù systùm consisting
|
||
of many sourcù codù files and thùir compiled countùrparts.
|
||
|
||
Essentially, thù fllù packagù k:ps track of whùrù things arù and
|
||
|
||
1,
|
||
|
||
AùR1EFGLos~y
|
||
l
|
||
|
||
A ùRlœF GLoSSARY
|
||
|
||
whet things hevo chonged. N 4150 kaps trùck of which files hove
|
||
been modifiod end n#d to be updetod end recompiled.
|
||
form Another wey of seying ~xpre5sion. An Jntorlisp-D ex~on
|
||
tbetcen be evaluated.
|
||
|
||
function A Lisp function is e piece of l;sp code thet executes end returns e
|
||
veiue.
|
||
|
||
history The progremmerùs essistent is l,uilt eround e memory structure
|
||
celled the hirtory Iirt. The hirtory functions (e.g. FIX, UNDO,
|
||
REDO) ere part of this essirtant. These operations allow you to
|
||
conveniently r~work previously specifiecl operations.
|
||
|
||
History List As you type on the xreen, you will notice a number followecl by
|
||
a prompt attow. Each number, and the information on that line,
|
||
is seeluentially rtored as the History List Using the History List,
|
||
you can easily reexecute lines typed earlier in a worksession. See
|
||
Chapter6.
|
||
|
||
icon A pictorial representation, usually of shrunken window.
|
||
|
||
lnterlis~D Executive Window This is your main window, where you will run functions and
|
||
develop your programs. See Figure 1.3. This is the window that
|
||
the caret is in when you turn on your machine and load
|
||
lnterlis~D.
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
8~#iPRO*PTPRIHT "HELLO" A
|
||
|
||
Fqurù tJ. m window
|
||
|
||
inspector An interactive display program for examining and changing the
|
||
parts of a data structure. Jnterlisp-D has inspectors for lists and
|
||
other data types.
|
||
|
||
iterative statement (also called i.s.) A statement in Interlisp that repetitively executes
|
||
abody of code. (E.g.(forxfromltosdo(PRlNTx))isani.s.)
|
||
iterative variable (also called i.v.) Usually, an iterative statement is controlled by
|
||
the value that the i.v. takes on. In the iterative statement
|
||
example above,
|
||
x
|
||
|
||
is the iterative variable leecause its value is being changed by
|
||
each cycle through the loop. All iterative variables are local to
|
||
the iterative rtatement where they are defined.
|
||
|
||
LISP Family of languages invented for "list processing." These
|
||
languages have in common a set of basic primitives for creating
|
||
and manipulating symbol rtructures. lnterlis~D is an
|
||
implementation of the LISP language together with an
|
||
environment (set of tools) for programming, an a set of packages
|
||
that ertend the functionality of the system.
|
||
|
||
list A collection of atoms and lists; a list is denoted by surrounding
|
||
its contents with a pair of parentheses.
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOSSARY lJ
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOSSARY
|
||
|
||
Loading LJSP This is the process of bringing lnterlis~D from floppy disks, hard
|
||
disks, or some other secondary rtorage into your main, or
|
||
working, memory. You will need to load (i.e., install, and boot)
|
||
lnterlis~D if you have not logged off the machine at the end of a
|
||
session. The process of loading lnterlis~D is explained in
|
||
Chapter3.
|
||
|
||
Maintenance Panel Codes Should you have a problem with your equipment, these codes
|
||
will indicate the status of your processor. On the 1108, these are
|
||
the red LED numbett under the floppy drive door. There is a
|
||
cover over these numbers. Pull down the cover located
|
||
immediately under the floppy door button. The code numbers
|
||
are defined for the 1108 in the 1108 Useri Guide, in the MP
|
||
Codeschapter.
|
||
|
||
If there is a problem with the 1186, the mouse curtor will change
|
||
from its normal arrow to the code number that describes the
|
||
problem. The code numbert are defined for the 1186 in the 1166
|
||
User's Guide in the Curtor Codes subsection of the Diagnostics
|
||
Chapter.
|
||
|
||
Marterscope A program analysis tool. When told to analyze a program,
|
||
Masterscope creates a data base of information about the
|
||
program. In particular, Marterscope knows which functions call
|
||
other functions and which functions use which variables.
|
||
Masterscope can then answer questions about the program and
|
||
display the information with a browser.
|
||
|
||
menu A way of graphically presenting the user with a set of options.
|
||
There are twO kinds of menus: p0~up menus are created when
|
||
needed and disappear after an item has been selected;
|
||
permanent menus remain on the screen after use.
|
||
|
||
mouse The Mouse is the box to the right of your keyboard. It controls
|
||
the movement of the cursor on your screen. As you become
|
||
familiar with the mouse, you will find it much quicker to use the
|
||
mouse than the keyboard. See Figure 1.4. (Note: Some mice
|
||
have three buttons; the button in the center is known as the
|
||
middle mouse button. If your mouse has only two buttons, you
|
||
can simulate a middle button by pressing the left and right
|
||
buttons simultaneously.).
|
||
|
||
Fw- 1.& Mousù
|
||
|
||
Mouse Curtor The small arrow on the screen that points to the northwest. See
|
||
Figure 1.5.
|
||
|
||
F~m I.L Mousù c~~~
|
||
Mousù Curtor Icons
|
||
|
||
I.A A llEF GLos~Y
|
||
l
|
||
|
||
A IRlEF GLOSSARY
|
||
|
||
I Wait Tho processor is busy.
|
||
|
||
The processor is saving a anpashot or your cureent system session.
|
||
This is usually donù when tbc procffssor hos ~n idle for a while.
|
||
|
||
The "Mouse Confirm Cursor". It appeatt when you have to
|
||
confirm that the choice you just made was correct. If it was, press
|
||
the left button. If the choice was not tight, press the right
|
||
button to abort.
|
||
|
||
F='*x This means "sweep out" the shape of the window. To do this,
|
||
move the mouse to a position where you want a corner. Press
|
||
the leff mouse button, and hold it down. Move the mouse
|
||
diagonally to sketch a rectangle. When the rectangle is the
|
||
desired size and shape, release the left button.
|
||
|
||
r-'l
|
||
l
|
||
|
||
l
|
||
|
||
l
|
||
l
|
||
|
||
- This is the "move window" prompt. Move the mouse so that the
|
||
large "ghost" rectangle is in the position where you want the
|
||
window. When you click the left mouse button, the window will
|
||
appear at this new location.
|
||
|
||
NIL NIL is the lnterlis~D symbol for the empty list h can also be
|
||
represented by a lefl paren followed by a right paren: (). It is the
|
||
only expression in lnterIis~D that is both an atom and a list
|
||
pixel Pixel rtands for PIcture Element. The xreen of your Lisp Machine
|
||
is made up of a rectangular array of pixels. Each pixel
|
||
corresponds to one bit When a bit is turned on, i.e. set to 1, the
|
||
pixel on the screen represented by this bit is black.
|
||
|
||
pretty printing Pretty printing refers to the way lnterIis~D functions are printed
|
||
with special indentation, to make them easier to read. Functions
|
||
are pretty printed in the structure eclitor, DEdit (See Section 11.3,
|
||
Page 11.4). You can pretty print uncompiled functions by calling
|
||
the function PP with the function you would like to see as an
|
||
argument, i.e. (PP tunction-name). For an example of this, see
|
||
Figure 1.6.
|
||
|
||
96.(PP HEAD)
|
||
|
||
[LANBDA (LST) <øù6rtùG; `ù~JlinH13;3&ù)
|
||
(CAR LsTJ)
|
||
(HEAD)
|
||
97.'
|
||
|
||
Fbm 1.6. An oxam~ u~oftho pro printing `unmon FP
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOSSARY 1.5
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOSSARY
|
||
|
||
Programmer's Assistant The programmer's assistant accesses the History List to allow you
|
||
to FIX, UlOO, and'or REDO your previous expressions typed to
|
||
the lnterlis~D executive window. (See Chapter 6.)
|
||
|
||
Promptwindow The skinny black window at the top of the xreen. It displays
|
||
system prompts, or prompts you have developed. (See Figure
|
||
1.7.)
|
||
|
||
Fqurù 1.7. Prompt window
|
||
|
||
property list A list of the form ( <property-namel> <property-valuel>
|
||
<property-name2> <property-value2> ....) associated with
|
||
an atom. It accessed by the functions GETPROP and PUTPR0P.
|
||
|
||
record A record is a data-structure that consists of named "flelds".
|
||
Accessing elements of a record can be separated from the details
|
||
of how the data structure is actually stored. This eliminates
|
||
many programming details. A record definition establishes a
|
||
record template, describing the form of a record. A record
|
||
instance is an actual record storing data according to a particular
|
||
record template. (See datatype, second definition.)
|
||
|
||
Right Button Default Window Menu This is the menu that appeaff when the mouse is in a window,
|
||
and the right mouse button is pressed. It looks like the menu in
|
||
Figure 1.8. If this menu does not appear when you depress the
|
||
right button of the mouse and the mouse is in the window, move
|
||
the mouse so that it is pointing to the title bar of the window,
|
||
and press the right button.
|
||
|
||
Clone
|
||
Snap
|
||
Paint
|
||
Clear
|
||
8ury
|
||
|
||
Redi~play
|
||
Hardcopy~
|
||
Move
|
||
Shapo
|
||
Shrink
|
||
|
||
f~a 1.1. ttù Right Sutton DqfaultWindow Menu
|
||
|
||
5-expression Short for "symbolic expression." In Lisp, this refers to any
|
||
well-formed collection of leff parffns, atoms, and right parens.
|
||
|
||
stack A pushdown lirt Whenever a function is entered, information
|
||
about that specific function call is pushed onto (i.e. added to the
|
||
front ofi the stack; this information includes the variable names
|
||
and their values associated with the function call. When the
|
||
function is exitted, that data is popped off the stack.
|
||
|
||
storagù devices Information is rtored for your Lisp machine on floppy disks, or on
|
||
the hard disk. They are referred to as (FLOPPY) and (DSK)
|
||
respectivùly.
|
||
|
||
sysout A fllù containing G wl'0lù Lisp environmùnt: namely, lnterlis~O,
|
||
evùrything thù user' dùfinecl or loaded into the environment, thù
|
||
|
||
1.6 A ~N:EF GL0SsARY
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOSSARY
|
||
|
||
windows that ùppeored on tho Kreen, tbù ùmount of memory
|
||
used, and 50 on. Evorything ;s rtorùd in thù sysout filù exactly .5 it
|
||
was whon tho function SYSWT was called).
|
||
|
||
TFACE A function that crùates a trace of the execution of another
|
||
function. Eich time the traced function is called, it prints out the
|
||
values of the arguments it was called with, and prints out the
|
||
value it returns upon completion.
|
||
|
||
Unbound Without value; an atom is unbound if a value has never been
|
||
assigned to it
|
||
|
||
window A rectangular area of the screen that acts as the main display
|
||
area for some Interlisp process,
|
||
|
||
A BRIEF GLOSSARY 1.7
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 14:42 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.144256pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11642>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:43:07 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:42:56 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
6. TYPING SHORTCUTS
|
||
|
||
Once you have logged it, as per Chapters 3 or 4, you are in
|
||
lnterlis~D. The functions you type into the Interlisp-D executive
|
||
window will now execute, that is, perform the designated task.
|
||
Please note that Interlisp-D is case-sensitive; offen it matters
|
||
whether text is typed in capital- or lower-case letters. The
|
||
shifflock key is above the left shift key; when it is pressed (on the
|
||
1186, the red LED will be on; on the 1108, the key will be
|
||
depressed), everything typed is in capital letters.
|
||
You must type all Interlisp-D functions in parentheses. The
|
||
lnterlis~D interpreter wtll read from the leff parenthesis to the
|
||
closing right parenthesis to determine both the function you
|
||
want to execute, and the arguments to that function. Executing
|
||
this function is called evaluation. When the function is
|
||
evaluated it returns a value, which is then printed in the
|
||
lnterlis~D executive window. This entire process is called the
|
||
read-eval-print loop, and is how most Ll5P interpreters, including
|
||
the one for lnterlis~D, run.
|
||
|
||
The prompt in Interlis~D is a number followed by a left pointing
|
||
arrow (see Figure 6.3). This number is the function's position on
|
||
the History List -- a list that stores your interactions with the
|
||
lnterlis~D interpreter. Type the function (PLUS 3 4), and
|
||
notice the number the History List assigns to the function (the
|
||
number immediately to the leff of the arrow). lnterlis~D reads
|
||
in the function and its arguments, evaluates the function, then
|
||
prints the number 7.
|
||
|
||
In addition to this read-eval-print loop, there is also a
|
||
programmer's assistantùù. It is the programmer's assistant that
|
||
prints the number as part of the prompt in the lnterlis~D
|
||
executive window, and uses these numbers to reference the
|
||
function calls typed after them.
|
||
|
||
When you issue commands to the programmer's assistant, you
|
||
will not use parentheses as you do with ordinary function calls.
|
||
You simply type the command, and some specification that
|
||
indicates which item on the history list the command refers to.
|
||
Some programmer's assistant commands are FIX, REDO, and
|
||
UNDO. They are explained in detail below.
|
||
|
||
Programmer's assistant commands are useful only at the
|
||
lnterlis~D top level, that is, when you are typing into the
|
||
lnterlis~D executive window. They will not work in user-defined
|
||
functions.
|
||
|
||
As an example use of the programmer's assistant, use REDO to
|
||
redo your function call (PLUS 3 4). Type REDO (Note:
|
||
programmer's assistant commands can be typed in either upper
|
||
|
||
TYPING 5H0RTCUTS 6 1
|
||
|
||
TYPING SHORTCUTS
|
||
|
||
or lower case) at the prompt, then specify the previous
|
||
expression in one of the following ways:
|
||
|
||
(1) When you originally typed in tne function you now want to refer
|
||
to, there was a History List number to the left of the arrow in the
|
||
prompt. Type this number affer the programmer's assistant
|
||
command. This is the method illustrated in the following figure:
|
||
|
||
iPLUe~ 3 4)
|
||
Cù'5~REOO `24
|
||
7
|
||
|
||
26-','
|
||
|
||
, , , . . , . , . . . . . . . , . . . . , , ,
|
||
, .
|
||
Figure 6.1. Using the programrner's assistant to REDO a function, when you
|
||
know the its number on the history list
|
||
|
||
(2) A negative number will specily the function call typed in that
|
||
number of prompts ago. in this example, you would type in-I,
|
||
the position immediately before the current position. This is
|
||
shown in the following figure:
|
||
|
||
`2ø~.(PLUS :3 j)
|
||
;;;;
|
||
|
||
`-,7'
|
||
|
||
ii, ~` F.EDS -i
|
||
7
|
||
|
||
:ù`0~.
|
||
|
||
,
|
||
, , , , ,: , , :, , ,:, , , , , , ;, : , , , ,; , ,
|
||
|
||
Figurù 6.2. Typing a negative number affer the programmer's assistant
|
||
command will cause it use the function found on the History List that many
|
||
positions before the current one.
|
||
|
||
(3) You can also specify the function for the programmer's assistant
|
||
with one of the items that was in that function call. The
|
||
programmer's assistant will se'rch backwards in the History List,
|
||
and use the first function it finds that includes that item. For
|
||
example, type REDO PLUS to have the function (PLUS 3 4)
|
||
reevaluated.
|
||
|
||
(4) If you type a Programmer's Assistant command without
|
||
specifying a function (i.e., simply typing the command, then a cr)
|
||
the Programmer's Assistant executes the command using the
|
||
function entered at the previous prompt.
|
||
|
||
Here are a few more examples of using the programmer's
|
||
assistant:
|
||
|
||
G.a TYPING SHORrCUff
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
TYPING SH0RTCUTS
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
54k[PLUS 4 5)
|
||
9
|
||
|
||
55~REDO
|
||
9
|
||
|
||
56#??
|
||
|
||
54 +(PLUC~ 4 5)
|
||
9
|
||
|
||
56~(SETQ B `80Y)
|
||
BOY
|
||
5'~B
|
||
BOY
|
||
|
||
59" UNDO cETQ
|
||
SETQ undone.
|
||
59'.B
|
||
|
||
UN8OUND nTOM
|
||
B
|
||
|
||
SBkREDO 56
|
||
BOY
|
||
6IkB
|
||
BOY
|
||
62#
|
||
|
||
Fqùurù 6.3. Some Applications of the Programmer's Assistant
|
||
|
||
6.1 If you make a Mistake
|
||
|
||
Editing in the Interlisp-D Executive Window is explained in
|
||
Section 11.2, Page 11.2. In this section, only a few of the most
|
||
useful commands will be repeated.
|
||
|
||
To move the caret to a new place in the command being typed,
|
||
point the mouse cursor at the appropriate position, and press the
|
||
leff mouse button.
|
||
|
||
To move the caret back to the end of the command being typed,
|
||
press CONTROL-X. (Hold the CONTROL key down, and type ù.X.'.)
|
||
The way you choose to delete an error may depend on the
|
||
amount you need to remove. To delete:
|
||
|
||
The character behind the caret simply press the backspace key
|
||
The word behind the caret press CONTROL-W. (Hold the CONTROL key down, and rype
|
||
`ùW'ù.)
|
||
|
||
Any part of the command, first move the caret to the appropriate place in the command.
|
||
Hold the right mouse button down and move the mouse cursor
|
||
over the ten. All of the blackened tert between the caret and
|
||
mouse cursor is deleted when you release the right mouse
|
||
button.
|
||
|
||
TYPING SHORTCUTS 63
|
||
|
||
IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE
|
||
|
||
The entire command press CONTROL-U. (Hold the CONTROL key down, and type in".)
|
||
Deletions can be undone. Just press the UNDO key.
|
||
To add more text to the line, move the caret to the appropriate
|
||
position, and just type. Whatever you type will appear at the
|
||
caret.
|
||
|
||
6.4 TYPING SHORTcUTS
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 14:48 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.144827pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11544>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:48:38 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:48:27 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
7. USING MENUS
|
||
|
||
The purpose of this chapter is to show you how to use menus.
|
||
Many things can be done more easily using menus, and there are
|
||
many different menus provided in the Interlisp-D environment.
|
||
Some are "po~up" menus, that are only available until a
|
||
selection is made, then disappear until they are needed again.
|
||
An example of one of these is the "background menu", that
|
||
appears when the mouse is not in any window and the right
|
||
mouse button is pressed. A background menu is shown in Figure
|
||
7.1. Yours may have different items in it.
|
||
|
||
SkGtL'h
|
||
LUop3 Icon
|
||
CHAT
|
||
F.lle0ro~er
|
||
|
||
sav"VM
|
||
5nap
|
||
|
||
Figure 7.1. A hackground menu.
|
||
|
||
Another common pop-up menu is the right button default
|
||
window menu. This menu is explained more in Section 10.4,
|
||
Page 10.3.
|
||
|
||
Other menus are more permanent, such as the menu that is
|
||
always available for use with the Interlisp-D Filebrowser. This
|
||
menu is shown in figure Figure 7.2, and the specifics of its use
|
||
with the filebrowser is explained in Chapter 9).
|
||
|
||
Dnjelsta
|
||
Rcname
|
||
Hor~'UpJ
|
||
-=`ffl.e
|
||
|
||
Compil'.
|
||
E~prnnge
|
||
|
||
Recrjm Ut.fl,L'
|
||
|
||
Figure 7.2. The menu that is available when using the Filehrowser
|
||
|
||
USING MENUS 71
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
MAKING A SELEcTION FROM A MENU
|
||
|
||
7.1 Making a Selection from a Menu
|
||
To make a selection from a menu, point with the inouse to the
|
||
item you would like to selert If one of the moU5e buttons is
|
||
already pressed, the menu item 5hould blacken. If it is a
|
||
permanent menu, you must press the leff mouse button to
|
||
blacken the item. When you release the button, the item will be
|
||
chosen. Figure 7.3 shows a menu with the item "Undo" chosen.
|
||
ù ù1
|
||
.lffer
|
||
Bpfor',
|
||
GeIer~,
|
||
Replace
|
||
`witch
|
||
(
|
||
|
||
`3 LIt.
|
||
|
||
Find
|
||
`=w~
|
||
pcpflnt
|
||
Edt
|
||
|
||
Edfl-Um
|
||
|
||
0~ik
|
||
|
||
Eva
|
||
E.xit
|
||
|
||
Figure 73. A menu with the item "Undo" chosen
|
||
|
||
7.2 Explanations of Men.u Items
|
||
Many menu items have explanations associated with them. If
|
||
you are not sure what the consequences of choosing a particular
|
||
menu item will be, blacken the menu item, and do not release
|
||
the leff button. If the menu item has an explanation associated
|
||
with it, the explanation will be printed in the prompt window.
|
||
Figure 7.4 shows the explanation associated with the item
|
||
"Snap" from the background menu.
|
||
|
||
ile0row~or
|
||
|
||
Flguvù 7.& The explanation associated with the cliosen item, Snip, is
|
||
displayed in the prom pt window.
|
||
|
||
7.2 USING NENuS
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
SUBMENUS
|
||
|
||
7.3 Submenus
|
||
|
||
Some menus items have submenus associated witl, them. This
|
||
means that, for these items, you can make even more precise
|
||
choices if you would like to.
|
||
|
||
A submenu can slso be found in one of two ways. One is to point
|
||
to the item with the mouse cuttor, and press the middle mouse
|
||
button. If there is a submenu associated with that item, it will
|
||
appear. (See Figure 7.5.)
|
||
ùl
|
||
Atter
|
||
8e?are
|
||
DoloCe
|
||
Replace
|
||
Yvitch
|
||
|
||
`ut
|
||
l)nda
|
||
Find
|
||
cap
|
||
Repnnt
|
||
Edit
|
||
|
||
EditL'om
|
||
Break
|
||
|
||
Eva OK
|
||
|
||
TOP
|
||
|
||
FigurQ 7.5. The submenu associated with the menu item Exit It appeared when
|
||
the mouse curtor Pointed to the menu item. and the middle mouse button was
|
||
pressed.
|
||
|
||
A submenu can be indicated by a gray arrow to the right of the
|
||
menu item, like the one to the right of the "Hardcopy'ù choice in
|
||
Figure 7.1. To see the submenu, blacken the menu item, and
|
||
move the mouse to follow the arrow. An example of this is
|
||
shown in Figure 7.6. Choosing an item from a submenu is done
|
||
in the same way as choosing an item from the menu. Any
|
||
submenus that might be associated with the items in the
|
||
submenu are indicated in the same way as the submenus
|
||
associated with the items in the menu.
|
||
|
||
Dnclelete .~ .
|
||
Copy
|
||
|
||
Rename
|
||
Harjcopv
|
||
|
||
.=.ee ~~e~;
|
||
|
||
Loa.d c'.Ee!T.:
|
||
E,puni~e
|
||
|
||
P',com Ll!eù
|
||
|
||
Figure 7.6. The submenu associated with the menu item Edit - It appeared when
|
||
the menu item was blackened, and the mou>e was moved (0 follow the gray
|
||
arrow.
|
||
|
||
In summary, here are a few rules of thumb to rerrember about
|
||
the interactions of the mouse, and system menus:
|
||
ù Press the leff mouse button to select an item of a menu
|
||
ù Press the middle mouse button to get more options - one of the
|
||
ways to find a submenu
|
||
|
||
USING MENUS 73
|
||
|
||
SUBMENU5
|
||
|
||
ù Press the right mouse button to see the default right button
|
||
window menu, and the background menu
|
||
|
||
7.4 usiNG MENUS
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 14:56 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.145658pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11659>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:57:09 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 14:56:58 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
8. MOW TO USE FILES
|
||
|
||
8.1 Types of Files
|
||
|
||
A program file, or lisp file, contains a series of expressions that
|
||
can be read and evaluated by the lnterlis~D interpreter. These
|
||
expressions can include function or macro definitions, variables
|
||
and their values, properties of variables, and soon. How to save
|
||
Interlisp-D expressions on these files is explained in Section 11.6,
|
||
Page 11.7. Loading a file is explained below, in Section 8.6, Page
|
||
8.4.
|
||
|
||
Not all files, however, have lnterlis~D expressions stored on
|
||
them. For example, TEdit files (see Chapter 23) store tert;
|
||
sketches are stored on files made with the package Sketch (see
|
||
Chapter 35), or can be incorporated into TEdit files. These files
|
||
are not loaded directly into the environment, but are accessed
|
||
with the package used to create them, such as TEdit or Sketch.
|
||
When you name a file, there are conventions that you should
|
||
follow. These conventions allow you to tell the type of a file by
|
||
the extension to its name. If a file contains:
|
||
|
||
Interlisp-D expressions, it should not have an extension. For example, a file called
|
||
"MYCODE" should contain lnterlis~D expressions;
|
||
|
||
compiled code, it should have the extension" .DCOM'ù. For example, a file called
|
||
`ùMYCODE.DCOM" should contain compiled code;
|
||
|
||
a Sketch, then its extension should be ".SKETCHùù. For example, a file
|
||
called ù`MOUNTAlNS.SKETCH" should contain a Sketch;
|
||
|
||
text, it should have the extension ".TEDlTù'. For example, a file called
|
||
`ùREPORT.TEDlT'ù should contain text that can be edited with the
|
||
editor TEDlT.
|
||
|
||
8.2 Directories
|
||
|
||
This section focuses on how you can find files, and how you can
|
||
easily manipulate files. To see all the files listed on a device, use
|
||
the function DIR. For example, to see what files are stored on
|
||
the Y;ard disk, type
|
||
(DIR (DSK))
|
||
|
||
HOW TO USE FILES B1
|
||
|
||
DlRœG0R1E5
|
||
|
||
To see what files are stored on the floppy disk inside of the
|
||
floppy drive, type
|
||
(DIR (FLOPPY))
|
||
|
||
Partial directory listings can be gotten by specifying a file name,
|
||
rather than just a device name. The wildcard "ù`ù can be used to
|
||
match any number of unknown characters. For example, the
|
||
command
|
||
(DIR (DSK)Tù)
|
||
|
||
will list the names of all files stored on the hard disk that begin
|
||
with the letter T. An example using the wildcard is shown in
|
||
Figure 8.1
|
||
|
||
`DIR `(P\h',(LI'.\PFILœ.'.'PRIMER~T';l
|
||
`LPQh/''.LI."'l FILE.C\,'PRIMER\
|
||
Tsi'REF.>.TEP[1)2
|
||
T6LlClNT.TEDIT,1
|
||
|
||
FigurG 8.1. Using the function DIR with a wildcard
|
||
|
||
8.3 Directory Options
|
||
|
||
Various words can appear as extra arguments to the DIR
|
||
command. These words give you extra information about the
|
||
files.
|
||
|
||
(1) SIZE displays the size of each file in the directory. For example,
|
||
type
|
||
|
||
(DIR (DSK) SIZE)
|
||
|
||
(2) DATE displays the creation date of each file in the directory. An
|
||
example of this is shown in Figure 8.2
|
||
|
||
35~(DIR (DsxJ.<LI$PF1LEs>PRIMER~T* DATE)
|
||
CREATIDNOATE
|
||
|
||
(ùDSK)'LI5PFILES~PRIflER?
|
||
|
||
TA'1"REF~TEPlT;2 26-lun-R5 19:A,O:R2
|
||
TBLnrnNT.TEDIT;1 26-lun'66 ja:4R~ù?
|
||
|
||
3Lq~
|
||
|
||
. . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .
|
||
|
||
Figure 8.2. An eximpie using thù dirùctory option DATE
|
||
(3) DEL deletes all tho files found by the directory command
|
||
|
||
G.a H0W TO USE FILES
|
||
|
||
SUùFlLE DlREO0RlES
|
||
|
||
8.4 Subfile Directories
|
||
|
||
Subfile directories are very helpful for orgonizing files. A set of
|
||
files that have a single purpose, for example all the external
|
||
documentation files for a system, can be grouped together into a
|
||
subfiledirectory.
|
||
|
||
To associate a subfile directory with a filename, simply include
|
||
the desired subfile directory as part of the name of the fileù
|
||
Subfile directories are specified after the device name and before
|
||
the simple filename. The first sibfile directory should be
|
||
between less-than and greater-than signs < >, with nested
|
||
subdirectory names only followed by a greater-than sign >ù For
|
||
example:
|
||
|
||
[DSK)<D1rùctory>SubOlmctory>SrnbSubDirùctor-y>.. .>fi1on~
|
||
|
||
8.5 To See What Files Are Loaded
|
||
If you type FILELST<CR>, the names of all the files you loaded
|
||
will display.
|
||
|
||
Type SYSFILES<CR>, to see what files are loaded to create the
|
||
SYSOUT.
|
||
|
||
8.6 Simple Commands for Manipulating Files
|
||
The following commands will work with the (FLOPPY) and other
|
||
devices, but have been shown with (DSK) for simplicityù
|
||
To have the contents of a file displayed in a window:
|
||
(SEE `[DSK)f11ùnrn)
|
||
|
||
To copy a file: (coPYFILE `[~)o1dfi1ùn~ `[DSF)ne,r,,ilonrn)
|
||
An example of this is shown in Figure 8.3
|
||
(sOPvFILE `T~0r,RœFc.TEDIT `PF;IMEFRùEFOù.TœDITJ
|
||
t'Dcxl,(.LIsPFILEs.PRIMœP.;ù.PRIMEP.fiEFs.TEDIT;1
|
||
|
||
Figure 8.3. An example of the use of the function COPYFILE
|
||
To delete a file: (DEl.FILœ `(~)fi1on~)
|
||
An example of this is shown in Figure 8.4.
|
||
ù ,, OELFILœ `L'AMPLE.TEPITJ
|
||
ù . \l.. I'PfILE;'."PRIMER?>AnPLE.TœPIT;1
|
||
|
||
FigureS.O. The function DELFlLE
|
||
|
||
To rename a file: (RENlEFILE ù(osK)oldftlùnrn `(rSF)ner,r11ùn~)
|
||
|
||
HOW TO USE FILES 83
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
SIMPLE COMMANDS FOR MANIPULATING FILES
|
||
|
||
"LOAD" a file: Files that contain Interlisp-D expressions can be loaded into the
|
||
environment. That means that the information on them is read,
|
||
evaluated, and incorporated into the Interlisp-D environment.
|
||
To load a file, type:
|
||
|
||
(LUG `[DSff)filenm)
|
||
|
||
When using these functions, always be sure to specify the full
|
||
filename, including subfile directories if appropriate.
|
||
|
||
8.7 Connecting to a Directory
|
||
Offen, each person or project has a subdirectory where their files
|
||
are stored. If this is your situation, you will want any files you
|
||
create to be put into this directory automatically. This means you
|
||
should "connect" to the directory.
|
||
|
||
CONK is the Interlisp-D form that connects you to a directory. For
|
||
example, COilKin the following figure:
|
||
- 1 l 11
|
||
|
||
29#(L'OtJN ``CDv~K1,.LIv"PFILES~\PP,IMER7IM\,!,I
|
||
t'OS'Y96)cLIy'PFILœCv;~PRIh1œR.~lM>
|
||
30#
|
||
|
||
Fqrnre 8.5. COflffeaing to the subdiredory "PRIMERs srnbsu~i'edory ,.lM"
|
||
connects you to the subsubdirectory iM, in the subdirectory
|
||
PRIMER, in the directory LlSPFlLES, on the device D5K. This
|
||
information, the device and the directory names down to the
|
||
subdirectory you want to be connected to, is called the "path" to
|
||
that subdirectory. co:: expects the path to a directory as an
|
||
argument.
|
||
|
||
Once you are connected to a directory, the command DIR will
|
||
assume that you want to see the files in that directory, or any of
|
||
its subdirectories.
|
||
|
||
Other commands that require a filename as an argument (e.g.,
|
||
SEE, above) will assume, if there is no path specified with the
|
||
filename, that the file is in the connected directory. This will
|
||
often save you typing.
|
||
|
||
8.8 File Version Numbers
|
||
|
||
Whe.n stored, each file name is followed by a semicolon and a
|
||
number.
|
||
|
||
fffILE.TEOIY;1
|
||
|
||
The number ii the vertion number of the file. This is the system's
|
||
way of protecting your files from being overwritten. Each time
|
||
the file is written, a new file is created with a vettion number one
|
||
|
||
8.1 HOW T0 us: FILES
|
||
|
||
FILE VERSION NUMBERS
|
||
|
||
greater than the lost. This now fle will hove everything from
|
||
your previous file, plus all of your changes.
|
||
|
||
In most cases, you can exclude the version number when
|
||
referencing the file. When the vertion is not specified, and there
|
||
is more that one vertion of the file on that particular directory,
|
||
the System generally uses your most recent version. An exception
|
||
is the function DELFILE, which deletes the oldest version (the
|
||
one with the lowest vertion number) if none is specified.
|
||
|
||
HOW TO USE FILES as
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 15:03 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.150359pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11664>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 15:04:10 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 15:03:59 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
tO.THOSE WONDERFUL WINDOWS!
|
||
|
||
A window is a designated area on the screen. Every rectangular
|
||
box on the screen is a window. While Interlisp-D supplies many
|
||
of the windows (such as the lnterlis~D executive window), you
|
||
may also create your own. Among other things, you will type,
|
||
draw pictures, and save portions of your screen with windows.
|
||
|
||
10.1 Windows provided by Interlisp-D
|
||
Two important windows are available as soon as you enter the
|
||
lnterlis~D environment. One is the lnterlis~D executive
|
||
window, the main window where you will run your functions. It
|
||
is the window that the caret is in when you turn on your
|
||
machine, and load lnterlis~D. It is shown in Figure 10.1.
|
||
|
||
Figure 10.1. Interlsp-D Executive Window
|
||
|
||
The other window that is open when you enter Interlisp-D is the
|
||
"Prompt Window". It is the long thin black window at the top of
|
||
the screen. It displays system prompts, or prompts you have
|
||
associated with your programs. (See Figure 10.2.)
|
||
|
||
Figure 10.2. Prompt Window
|
||
|
||
Other programs, such as the editors, also use windows. These
|
||
windows appear when the program starts to run, and close (no
|
||
longer appear on the screen) when the program is done running.
|
||
|
||
THOSE WONDERFUL WINDOWS' 101
|
||
|
||
CREATING A WINDOW
|
||
|
||
10.2 Creating a window
|
||
|
||
To create a new window, type: (CREATEil). The mouse cursor
|
||
will change, and have a small square attached to it. (See Figure
|
||
10.3.)
|
||
|
||
Figure 10.3. The mouse cursor asking you to sweep out a window
|
||
There may be a prompt in the prompt window to create a
|
||
window. Press and hold the leff mouse button. Move the mouse
|
||
around, and notice that it sweeps out a rectangle. When the
|
||
rectangle is the size that you'd like your window to be, release
|
||
the leff mouse button. More specific information about the
|
||
creation of windows, such as giving them titles and specifying
|
||
their size and position on the xreen when they are created, is
|
||
given in Section 27.1.2, Page 27.2.
|
||
|
||
10.3 The Right Button Default Window Menu
|
||
Position the cursor inside the window you just created, and press
|
||
and hold the right mouse button. A menu of commands should
|
||
appear (do not release the right button!), like the one in figure
|
||
10.4. To execute one of the commands on this menu, choose the
|
||
item. Making a choice from a menu is explained in Section 7.1,
|
||
Page 7.2.
|
||
clQ1,ù/
|
||
Pant
|
||
`[oar
|
||
Bury
|
||
|
||
RoJisplay
|
||
Hardsopy~
|
||
Movc
|
||
`5hape
|
||
shrink
|
||
|
||
Figurù 1O.& The Right Button Default Window Menu
|
||
|
||
As an example, select "Move" from this menu. The mouse cursor
|
||
will become a ghost window Oust an outline of a window, the
|
||
same size as the one you are moving), with a square attached to
|
||
one corner, like the one shown in Figure 10.5.
|
||
~l
|
||
|
||
~l
|
||
|
||
F~ure 10.1 Thù mousù cunor !or moving & window
|
||
|
||
Move the mousù around. The ghost window will follow. Click
|
||
the left mousù button to placù tho window in a new location.
|
||
|
||
10.1 TH0Sff w0NKQFUL WlH00~l
|
||
|
||
f
|
||
|
||
THE RIGHT 8Uff0N DEFAULT MN00~ MFNU
|
||
|
||
Choose "Shape", afid notice that you are prompted to sweep out
|
||
another window. Your original window will have the shape of
|
||
the window you sketch out.
|
||
|
||
10.4 An explanation of each menu item
|
||
The meaning of each right button default window menu item is
|
||
explained below:
|
||
|
||
Close removes the window from the screen;
|
||
Snap copies a portion of the screen into a new window;
|
||
Paint allows drawing in a window;
|
||
|
||
Clear cleart the window by erasing everything within the window
|
||
boundaries;
|
||
|
||
Bury puts the window beneath all other windows that overlap it;
|
||
Redisplay redisplays the window contents;
|
||
|
||
Hardcopy sends the contents of the window to a printer or to a flle;
|
||
Move allows the wi ndow to be moved toanew spot on the screen;
|
||
Shape repositions and/or reshapes the window;
|
||
Shrink reduces the window to a small black rectangle callecl an icon.
|
||
(See Figure 1O6.)
|
||
|
||
Figum lO.L An example icon
|
||
|
||
Expand changes an icon back to iB original window. Position the mouse
|
||
cursor on the icon, depress the right button, and select Expand.
|
||
Or, just button the icon with the middle mouse button.
|
||
These right-button default window menu selections are
|
||
available in most windows, including the lnterlis~D Executive
|
||
window. When the right button has other functions in a
|
||
window (as in an editor window), the right button default
|
||
window menu should be accessible by pressing the Right button
|
||
in the black border at the top of the window.
|
||
|
||
10.5 Scrollable Windows
|
||
|
||
Some windows in Interlisp-D are "scrollable". This means that
|
||
you can move the contents of the window up and down, or side
|
||
to side, to see anything that doesn't fit in the window.
|
||
|
||
Point the mouse curtor to the leff or bottom border of a
|
||
window. If the window is scrollable, a "scroll bar" will appear.
|
||
|
||
THOSE WONDERFlJL WINDOWS' 103
|
||
|
||
SCROLLABLE WINDOWS
|
||
|
||
The mouse cursor will change to a double headed arrow. (See
|
||
Figure 10.7.)
|
||
|
||
. 1 , 1
|
||
|
||
Figuro 10.7. The scrolJ bar of a scrollable window. The mouse cursor changes o
|
||
a double headed arrow.
|
||
|
||
The xroll bar represents the full contents of the window. The
|
||
example scroll bar is completely white because the window has
|
||
nothing in it When a part of the scroll bar is shaded, the amount
|
||
shaded represents the amount of the window's contents
|
||
currently shown. If everything is showing, the scroll bar will be
|
||
fully shaded. (See Figure 10.8.) The position of the shading is
|
||
also important. It represents the relationshi'p of the section
|
||
currently diplayed to the the full contents of the window. For
|
||
example, if the shaded section is at the bottom of the scroll bar,
|
||
you are looking at the end of the file.
|
||
|
||
1 ù .
|
||
|
||
The amount of :>hadin~ in
|
||
A::;:. the scroll bar represents
|
||
the amount of the rile
|
||
|
||
;>hown in the window. Most
|
||
of the file is visible.
|
||
Because the shading is at
|
||
the tap of the scroll bar,
|
||
you know you are looking
|
||
at the top of the file.
|
||
|
||
Figurù 10.1 Tho amount of shading in the scroll bar represents the amount of
|
||
the file shown in the window. Most of the file is visible. Because the shading sat
|
||
the top of the scroll bar. you know you are looking at the top of the file
|
||
|
||
When the scroll bar is visible, you can control the section of the
|
||
window's contents displayecl:
|
||
|
||
ù To move the contents higher in the window (scroll the contents
|
||
up in the window), press the leff button of the mouse, the
|
||
mouse cursor changes to look like this:
|
||
|
||
Fun 10.1. upward icrollinq cuttor.
|
||
|
||
The contents of the window will scroll up, making the line thit
|
||
the cursor is beside the topmost linù in the window.
|
||
|
||
10.4 THo$a ~HOERFUL~~w51
|
||
|
||
SCROLLASLE MN00~S
|
||
|
||
ù To move the contonts lower in the window (scroll the contents
|
||
ùùdown" in the window), press the right button of the mouse,
|
||
ond the mouse cursor changes to look like this:
|
||
|
||
Flgrnro 10.10. Oownwùrd scrollinq curtor
|
||
|
||
The contents of the window scroll down, moving the line that is
|
||
the topmost line in the window to beside the curtor.
|
||
ù To show a specific section of the window's contents, remember
|
||
that the scroll bar represents the full contents of the window.
|
||
Move the mouse curtor to the relative position of the section you
|
||
want to see (e.g., to the top of the scroll bar if you want to see
|
||
the top of the window's contents.). Press the middle button of
|
||
the mouse. The mouse cursor will look like this:
|
||
|
||
f'9ure 10.11. Proportional scrolling crnrtor.
|
||
|
||
When you release the middle mouse button, the window's
|
||
contents at that relative position will be displayed.
|
||
|
||
10.6 Other Window Functions
|
||
|
||
10.6.1 PROMPTPRlNT
|
||
|
||
Prints an expression to the black prompt window.
|
||
For example, type
|
||
|
||
(P~PTPRIKT ùTNIS SILL BE PRIKTED I* THE PAT UIKOoS')
|
||
The message will appear in the prompt window. (See Figure
|
||
10.12.)
|
||
|
||
1 . ù1 Il
|
||
|
||
43 lpROMPTPRINT `THIS WILL BE PRINTED IN THE
|
||
PROMPT WINDOW')
|
||
|
||
Flurf 10.12. PROMPTPRlNTing
|
||
|
||
THOSE WONDERFUL WINDOWS' 10.5
|
||
|
||
OTHER WINDOW FUNCTIONS
|
||
|
||
10.6.2 WHlCNW
|
||
|
||
Returns as a value the name of the window that the mouse
|
||
cursor IS in.
|
||
|
||
(VHICHW) can be used as an argument to any function
|
||
expecting a window, or to reclaim a window that has no name
|
||
(that is not attached to some particular part of the program.).
|
||
|
||
10.6 THOil wONOERFUL~N00vn'
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 15:18 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.151815pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11655>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 15:18:21 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 15:18:15 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
tl. œDlTUNG AND SAVING
|
||
|
||
This chapter explains how to define functions, how to edit them,
|
||
and how to save your work.
|
||
|
||
11.1 Defining Functions
|
||
|
||
DEFINEQ can be used to define new functions. The syntax for it
|
||
is:
|
||
|
||
(HFIffEQ (<tunctionname> (<parameterlist¯
|
||
c~y-offrnnction>j>
|
||
|
||
New functions can be created with DEFINEQ by ryping directly
|
||
into the lnterlis~D executive window. Once defined, a function
|
||
is a part of the lnterlis~D environment. For example, the
|
||
function EXANPLE-ADDER is defined in Figure 11.1.
|
||
-
|
||
|
||
HIL
|
||
|
||
46=(OEFINEQ (E.~AMPLE-rt"D&ER (~" B cJ
|
||
(PRINT `THE SUM OF THE
|
||
THREE NUMBERS Is ")
|
||
(IPLUS n" B CJJJ
|
||
(EXn~MPLE-~&DERj
|
||
47-
|
||
|
||
F1ure 11.1. Defining the function EXAMPLEùADDER
|
||
|
||
Now that the function is defined, it can be called from the
|
||
lnterlis~D executive window:
|
||
ù . -
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
49'. cEX~-MPLE-ffD&ER 3 4 `J;
|
||
"THE SUM OF THE THREE NljMBERS 15
|
||
12
|
||
|
||
c~g
|
||
|
||
Fq'rnre IIJ. After EXAMPLϝADDER is defined, it can he executed
|
||
The function returns 12, after printing out the message.
|
||
Functions can also be defined using the editor DEdit described
|
||
above. To do this, simply type
|
||
|
||
(DF furttiorvnamej
|
||
|
||
EDITING AND SAVING 111
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
DEFINING FUNCTIONS
|
||
|
||
You will be asked whether you would like to edit a Dummy
|
||
definition. A dummy definition is a standard template for your
|
||
function definition. Answer by typing Y for Yes, and you will be
|
||
able to define the function in the editor. (See Figure 11.3. The
|
||
use of the editor is explained in Section 11.3, Page 11.4.)
|
||
ù h.'1,flF PJœ~-HOT'E'['ùTi
|
||
|
||
ù Ho FH~., dean ;or oil NflT-Eùùù 1:-7, on ùoU Ui `;ùh ro ?dlr a `lu
|
||
|
||
60A "Flùù;:ùl
|
||
|
||
Figurn 11.1 Using DEdit to define a function
|
||
|
||
II _ 2 _ Simple _ Editing _ in _ the _ Interlisp-D _ Executive Window
|
||
First, type in an example function to edit:
|
||
51~(oEFIxEQ (Y~R-FIRST-fuKTIrn (A B)
|
||
(if (GREATERP A B
|
||
|
||
thùn TNE FIR T IS GREATER
|
||
elsù THE SECO*O IS 6REATE ))))
|
||
|
||
To run the function, type (YOUR-FIR$T-FUflcTIoa 3 5).
|
||
52~(Y~R-FIRST-Fu~TI: 3 5)
|
||
(TNE SEc~ Is GREATER)
|
||
Now, let's alter this. Type:
|
||
53~FIZ 51 cr
|
||
|
||
Notf that your original function is redisplayed, and ready to edit.
|
||
(SeeFigure 11.4.)
|
||
|
||
llJ EO1Y1~ AHO SAVING
|
||
|
||
r,
|
||
|
||
SIMPLE EDITING IN TNE INTERLISPùD EXECUTIVE WIND0W
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
53~FI~ 51
|
||
+(DEFINEQ
|
||
|
||
[YOUR-FIRST-FUNCTION
|
||
(A B) (ù edited;
|
||
|
||
"~1-Dec-GB 19;"8")
|
||
(IF (GREaTERPùA B)
|
||
THEN (QUOTE (THE FiRST Is
|
||
UREATERj)
|
||
|
||
ELSE (QUOTE (THE SECOND IS
|
||
u'RE~~TER] 1A
|
||
|
||
f~urù11.& Using FIX to editafundion
|
||
|
||
Move the tert cursor to the appropriate place in the function by
|
||
positioning the mouse cursor and pressing the Jeff mouse
|
||
button.
|
||
|
||
Delete text by moving the caret to the beginning of the section to be
|
||
deleted. Hold the right mouse button down and move the
|
||
mouse cursor over the text. All of the blackened text between
|
||
the caret and mouse cursor is deleted when you release the right
|
||
mouse button.
|
||
|
||
If you make a mistake deletions can be undone. On an 1108, press the OPEN key to.
|
||
UNDO the deletion. On an 1108, press the UNDO key on the
|
||
keypad to the Jeff of the keyboard.
|
||
Now changeGREATERtoBIGGER:
|
||
|
||
(1) Position the mouse cursor on the G of GREATER, and click the leff
|
||
mouse button. The text curtor is now where the mouse cursor 15.
|
||
|
||
(2) Next, press the right mouse button and hold it down. Notice
|
||
that if you move the mouse cursor around, it will blacken the
|
||
characters from the text cursor to the mouse cursor. Move the
|
||
mouse so that the word "GREATER" is blackened.
|
||
(3) Release the right mouse button and GREATER is deleted.
|
||
(4) Without moving the cursor, type in BIGGER.
|
||
(5) There are two ways to end the editing session and run the
|
||
function. One is to type CONTROL-X. (Hold the CONTROL key
|
||
down, and type "X".) Another is to move the text cursor to the
|
||
end of the line and crù In both cases, the function has been
|
||
edited!
|
||
|
||
Trythe new version of the function bytyping:
|
||
58~(Y~-FZRST-F~Tzrn 8 9)
|
||
(TNœ sEc~ Is BIKER)
|
||
|
||
and get the new result, or you can type:
|
||
5~RE00 52cr
|
||
|
||
(TNE SEc~ Is BIKER)
|
||
|
||
EDITING AND SAVING 11.3
|
||
|
||
USING THE LIST STRUaURE EDITOR
|
||
|
||
11.3 Using The List Structure Editor
|
||
If the function you want to edit is not readily available (i.e. the
|
||
function is not in the Interlisp-D Executive window, and you can't
|
||
remember the history list number, or you simply have a lot of
|
||
editing), use the List Structure Editor, offen called DEdit. This
|
||
editor is evoked with a call to OF:
|
||
|
||
81~(DF YWR-FIRST-f~TIa)
|
||
|
||
Your function will be displayed in an edit window, as in Figure
|
||
11.5.
|
||
|
||
If there is no edit window on the screen, you will be prompted to
|
||
create a window. As before, hold the leff mouse button down,
|
||
move the mouse until it forms a rectangle of an acceptable size
|
||
and shape, then release the button. Your function definition
|
||
will automatically appear in this edit window.
|
||
|
||
!L~nb&A IA Bj (* OJtfJ' ùù:ù1ùO:cw `~;`~``ù .~.tr~r
|
||
(IF 113'REATEPP A B'i EqV;r~
|
||
THEN iOùUUTE "THE ::.pù'.T f ~Ir,GER),l cl,,t'
|
||
ELSE 1~UUTE THE .=ùE.u'N& j:. eluh'ER;J)) 4ep~:c
|
||
/``tC.h
|
||
.
|
||
Un~io
|
||
Find
|
||
|
||
Rcorint
|
||
cit.
|
||
|
||
EOlfl/C T7~
|
||
Sr:ok
|
||
Eù.. y
|
||
E..t.
|
||
|
||
Figurù Il.L An Edit Window
|
||
|
||
Many changes are easily done with the structure editor. Notice
|
||
that by pressing the left mouse button, different expressions are
|
||
underlined. Underline BIGGER as in Figure 11.5. Release the left
|
||
mouse button.
|
||
|
||
To add an expression that doesn't appear in the edit window,
|
||
(i.e. it can't simply be underlined), just type it in. Doing this will
|
||
create an edit buffer below the DEdit window. For example,
|
||
|
||
type LARGER and hit crù (Remember to cr! You won't be able to
|
||
do anything in the editor until you cr - this can fool you at first,
|
||
so beware.) A new window opens up at the bottom for the new
|
||
expression. (See Figure 11.6.)
|
||
|
||
LARGER now has the bold line underneath it, while BIGGER has
|
||
a dotted line.
|
||
|
||
A
|
||
|
||
11.4 EDITING ~O ~VING
|
||
|
||
USING THE LIST STRUCTURE EDITOR
|
||
|
||
, LAMDOA VA B\ ~ù ùdltùd `ù3' ùOùc 00 l F;3Q'ù) ArtOr
|
||
VV (OREATERP A B) Befom
|
||
~ VQUOTE -THE FIRST Is 816OER)) cOIOtO
|
||
(15 (QUOTE VTHE SEL'ONO IS BIW~Ry,\.i Ropl&ce
|
||
witch
|
||
( )
|
||
|
||
y)out
|
||
Unoo
|
||
Find
|
||
wap
|
||
|
||
FQum Il.L Edit Window with Edit Buffer
|
||
|
||
DEdit keeps track of items you have chosen by Using a stack. The
|
||
underlines tell you the order of the items on the stack. The solid
|
||
underline indicates the item on the top of the stack; the dotted
|
||
underline indicates the second to the top. (liIGGER was pushed
|
||
on first. When LARGER was pushed on, BIGGER became the
|
||
second element in the "stack", and LARGER the first.)
|
||
|
||
Many commands operate with two items on the stack. Some of
|
||
them are listed below:
|
||
|
||
Atter pops the stack, and adds this top item (in this example, LARGER)
|
||
to the edit window affer the second item on the stack(in this
|
||
example, BIGGER). The item that was at the top of the stack,
|
||
LARGER, will now appear in both the original and the new
|
||
position.
|
||
|
||
Before pops the stack, and adds this top item (in this example, LARGER)
|
||
to the edit window before the second item on the stack. (See
|
||
Figure 11.7.)
|
||
|
||
(LAKBDA VA 8' C' oJ'lfG `3,-Oocù~ ~F;l.Oùù ,~rtOr
|
||
(IF VGREATERp A 8J E~'inre
|
||
~ (QUOTE (THE FIRST IS ~`R ,8ùIUGEP); cOlGte
|
||
ELI (QUOTE (THE SECOND IS 8I,ùb'E .j! ,1J F!Gplace
|
||
itch
|
||
r
|
||
|
||
tJut
|
||
Undo
|
||
Find
|
||
,=-.i,1r
|
||
P.O~rir,t
|
||
Eda
|
||
|
||
fiUre 11.7. The command Before is chosen; the word LARGER appean
|
||
Iefore the word BIGGER
|
||
|
||
Replace pops the stack, and substitutes this top item for the second item
|
||
on the stack.
|
||
|
||
Sat tch changes the position of the first and second items on the stack in
|
||
the edit window.
|
||
|
||
Find pops the stack, and searches this top expression for an occurance
|
||
of the second item on the stack. If the item is found, it is
|
||
underlined with a solid line, that is, pushed on the stack. To find
|
||
the next occurance, simply choose "Find" again. If the
|
||
expression is not found, the prompt window will blink, and a
|
||
|
||
EDITING AND SAVING 115
|
||
1
|
||
|
||
USING ~E LIST STRUCTURE EDITOR
|
||
|
||
ùspùc1ù11~ asùfa1 If yri ant to &pùcù ~r coùants)
|
||
There are other editor commands which can be very UsefUl. To
|
||
learn about them, read to the lntertis~D Reffrence Manual,
|
||
Volume 2, Section 16, on DEDIT.
|
||
|
||
it .4 _ File _ Functions and _ Variables - _ How to _ See Them _ and _ Save Them
|
||
With lnterlis~D, all work is done inside the "Lisp Environment".
|
||
There is no "Operating System" or "Command Level" other than
|
||
the lnterlis~D Executive Window. All functions and data
|
||
strUctures are defined and edited using normal Interlisp-D
|
||
commands. This sertion describes tools in the Interlisp-D
|
||
environment that will keep track of any changes that you make
|
||
in the environment that you have not yet saved on files, such as
|
||
defining new functions, changing the values of variables, or
|
||
adding new variables. And it then has you save the changes in a
|
||
file you specify.
|
||
|
||
11.5 File Variables
|
||
|
||
Certain system-defined global variables are used by the file
|
||
package to keep track of the environment as it stands. You can
|
||
get system information by checking the values of these variables.
|
||
Two important variables follow.
|
||
|
||
ù FILELST evaluates to a list, all files that yoU have loaded into
|
||
the lnteris~D environment.
|
||
|
||
ù filenameC0liS (Each file loaded into the Lisp environment has
|
||
associated with it a global variable, whose name is formed by
|
||
appending "COMS" to the end of the filename.) This variable
|
||
evaluates to a list of all the functions, variables, bitmaps,
|
||
windows, and soon, that are stored on that particular file.
|
||
For example, if you type:
|
||
~FILEC0*s
|
||
|
||
the system will respond with something like:
|
||
FKS YouR-FZRST-Fu*CTIil )
|
||
VARS))
|
||
|
||
11.6 Saving Interlisp-D on Files
|
||
The functions (FILES?) and (NAKEFILE `filename) are
|
||
useful when it is time to save function, variables, windows,
|
||
bitmaps, records and whatever else to files.
|
||
|
||
EDITING AND SAVING 117
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
USING THE LIST STRUCTURE EDITOR
|
||
|
||
message that the item was not found will appear. (See Figure
|
||
11.8 for an example of an item, the atom THIRD, not appearing
|
||
in the function, YOUR-FIRST-FUKCTION.
|
||
|
||
ù1
|
||
|
||
L.flFBo~P~ù~T\P _ B! (,`-.J'l-.J. _ .z' _ P..,n _ 1-
|
||
THEN `c1.lcTE _ `THE _ FIPT _ ~I.'i'.EP']
|
||
ELSE 1ùtlJlJTE _ HE _ `/E/l)MlD
|
||
|
||
TrtI,,,v Sr.i
|
||
El
|
||
|
||
ET.
|
||
|
||
Figwù 11.& The atom THIRD is not in the fundion being edited
|
||
Saap changes places, on the stack, of the first and second items on the
|
||
stack. The edit window does not change, except that the
|
||
expression that had a solid underline now has a dotted
|
||
underline, and vice versa.
|
||
|
||
Delete works on only the top item of the stack. Delete removes the
|
||
solid underlined expression from the edit window.
|
||
Undo undoes the last editor command.
|
||
|
||
Completing the example begun earlier, here's how to have the
|
||
word LARGER that you typed into the edit buffer appear in place
|
||
of the BIGGER that you selected from the DEdit window: select
|
||
the SWITCH command. Notice that the two items are switched,
|
||
and the stack is popped. Now select EXIT and to leave the
|
||
editor, and your function will again be redefined.
|
||
|
||
11.3.1 Commenting Fundions
|
||
|
||
Tert can be marked as a comment by nesting it in a set of
|
||
parentheses with a star immediately after the left parenthesis.
|
||
(ù This ii thù Von of ù c~rtt)
|
||
|
||
Inside an editor window, the comment will be printed in a
|
||
smaller font and may be moved to the far right of the code.
|
||
Sometimes, however, centered comments are more appropriate.
|
||
To center a comment, type ,, .... after the left parenthesis.
|
||
ù This co.oortt ù111 rtot bù rnd to thù ?ùr ri9ht of thù
|
||
co5où but ù111 bù cùrttùrd)
|
||
|
||
It is also possible to insert Iinebreaks within a comment. A dash
|
||
should be placed in the comment whcrevùr A carriagù return is
|
||
needed. Thii feoturù allows several commùnt1 to bù placed
|
||
insidù one S.t of pirùntheses.
|
||
|
||
(ù This coøoo.t ù111 h t~~ at. tùo 1iùos. -
|
||
|
||
11.6 FIrING AND LAYING
|
||
|
||
SAVING INTERLlSP-D ON FILES
|
||
|
||
(FILES?) displays a list of variables that have values and are not already a
|
||
part of any file, and then the functions that are not already part
|
||
of any file.
|
||
|
||
Type:
|
||
|
||
(FILES?)
|
||
|
||
the system will respond with something like:
|
||
tbù variables: ~.VARIlLE cURREKT.tuRTLE.. to be du;ed.
|
||
thù functions: RI6HT LEFT FOIAff liCK*Aa cLEAR-uREEil.. to
|
||
be d~~.
|
||
|
||
srit to s&y ùbere thù abovù go?
|
||
|
||
If you type Y, the system will prompt with each item. There are
|
||
three options:
|
||
|
||
(1) To save the item, type the filename (unquoted) of the file where
|
||
the item should be placed. (This can be a brand new file or an
|
||
existing file.)
|
||
|
||
(2) To skip the item, without removing it from consideration the
|
||
next time (FILES?) is called, type crù This will allow you to
|
||
postpone the decision about where to save the item.
|
||
(3) If the item should not be saved at all, type J. NoilhQ re will
|
||
appear afler the item.
|
||
|
||
Part of an example interaction is shown in the following figure:
|
||
|
||
HIL
|
||
|
||
u31~(FILES,)
|
||
|
||
Che variables: MY-'y'AR. To be di.imped.
|
||
the functions: MY-SEcuNO-FUtllJTIJN,
|
||
YJUP-FIPùoT'FUNi)TIJN
|
||
to be dumped.
|
||
|
||
want to say where the .ibove 30 ù? `ye'
|
||
(variables)
|
||
NY-VAR Nowhere
|
||
(runctions)
|
||
|
||
NY-SELrnNO-FUN&'TION File name: E;~AMPL~
|
||
|
||
F~11.9. Part of an interaction using the function FILES?
|
||
(FILES?) assembles the items by adding them to the
|
||
appropriate file's COMS variable. (See Section 11.5, Page 11.7.)
|
||
(FILES?) does NOT write the file to secondary storage (disks or
|
||
floppies). It only upclates the global variables discussed in
|
||
SectionIt.S.
|
||
|
||
(NAKEFILE `Tl lenaùe) actually writes the file to secondary storage. Files should only be
|
||
writen when the time is set. If the time is not set, you will run
|
||
into problems, such as not being able to copy your file. To check
|
||
the time, typù
|
||
(riTE)
|
||
|
||
If the date is correct, yoU can safely use IRE FILE. If it is riot
|
||
correct, set the time with the function SETTIKE. To use it, type
|
||
(SETTIKE date), where datù isa string such as the one shown
|
||
inFiguretl.10.
|
||
|
||
it.a Eomlflll ANC SAVING
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
SAVING INTERUSP~ ON FILES
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
97;k(SETTIME "10-Jul-86 15:08 2<8)
|
||
"i6-Jul-86 15;08:22 EDT"
|
||
98+
|
||
|
||
Fqùurn 11.10. Using the SETTIKE function to set the date and time
|
||
Once the time is set correctly, use the function MAKEFILE. Type:
|
||
(liffEFILE `P.FILE.~)
|
||
|
||
and the system will create the file. The function returns the full
|
||
name of the file created. (i.e. (DSK)MY.FlLE.NAME.; 1).
|
||
Note: Files written to (DSK) are permanent files. They can be
|
||
removed only by the user deleting them or by reformatting the
|
||
disk.
|
||
|
||
Other file manipulation functions can be found in Section 8.6,
|
||
Page 8.3.
|
||
|
||
EDITING AND SAVING 119
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- Next Message -----
|
||
|
||
Date: 19 Dec 91 15:20 PST
|
||
From: sybalsky:PARC:Xerox
|
||
To: sybalsky
|
||
Message-ID: <<91Dec19.152031pst.43009@origami.parc.xerox.com>.?::>
|
||
|
||
<----RFC822 headers-----
|
||
Received: from origami.parc.xerox.com ([13.1.100.224]) by alpha.xerox.com with SMTP id <11670>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 15:20:42 PST
|
||
Received: by origami.parc.xerox.com id <43009>; Thu, 19 Dec 1991 15:20:31 -0800
|
||
From: John Sybalsky <sybalsky.PARC@xerox.com>
|
||
-----RFC822 headers---->
|
||
|
||
t3. FLEXIBILITY AND FORGIVENESS:
|
||
CLISP AND DWIM
|
||
|
||
CLlSP, (Conversational Lisp), and DWlM, (Do What Mean), are
|
||
two Interlisp utilities that make life easier.
|
||
|
||
13.1 CLlSP
|
||
|
||
CLlSP allows the machine to understand and execute commands
|
||
given in a non-standard way. For example, Figure 13.1 contains
|
||
an example expressi on (4 + 5).
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
b'4-iJ + 5;
|
||
9
|
||
|
||
85'
|
||
|
||
F9ure 13.1. cLlsP allows the use of infix notation
|
||
|
||
Without CLlSP, you would need to type this using the notation
|
||
(PLUS 4 5). CLlSP allows you to use expressions such as (4 +
|
||
5) for all arithmetic expressions.
|
||
|
||
CLlSP also allows you to use more readable forms inrtead of
|
||
standard Lisp control structures. Expressions like IF-THEN-ELSE
|
||
statements can replace COND statements. For example, instead
|
||
of:
|
||
|
||
(CIO 1J6RE(APLTUESRPBA B (PLUS A 10))
|
||
10
|
||
|
||
the following can be used:
|
||
|
||
(if (A ~ B) then (A + 10) else (B + 10))
|
||
|
||
The system translates this CLlSP code into Interlisp-D code.
|
||
Setting flags will allow you to either save the CLlSP code, or save
|
||
the translation. One such flag is CLISPIFTRANFLG; if it is set to
|
||
ffIL, all the IF statements will be replaced with the equivilent
|
||
CORD statements. This means that when you DEdit the function,
|
||
the IF will be removed and replaced with the CORD. Typically,
|
||
flags such as this one are set in your INlT file. These flags are
|
||
dixussed in the Intertlsp-D Reference Manual in Volume 2,
|
||
Section 21.
|
||
|
||
FLEXIBILITY AND FORGIVENESS. cLIsP AND DWIM 13 I
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
OWlM
|
||
|
||
13.2 DWlM
|
||
|
||
DWlM tries to match unrecognized variable and function names
|
||
to known ones. This allows Lisp to interpret minor typing errors
|
||
or misspellings in a function, without causing a break. Line 87 of
|
||
Figure 13.2 illustrates how the misspelled 0ANNANNA was
|
||
replaced by 8ANANA before the expression was evaluated.
|
||
|
||
NIL
|
||
|
||
a7(8ETQù 8~ùN.HA `FRUITj
|
||
FRUIT
|
||
|
||
38'8nNN,,~NNA
|
||
=8,,'H,,NA
|
||
FRUIT
|
||
39'
|
||
|
||
Figure 13.2. Examples of CLlSP and DWlM features
|
||
|
||
Sometimes DWlM may alter an expression you didn't want it to.
|
||
This may occur if, for example,a hyphenated function name (eg.
|
||
(NY-FUNCTION)) is misused. If the system doesn't recognize it,
|
||
it may think you are trying to subtract "FUN~lON" from "MY".
|
||
DWlM also takes the liberty of updating the function, so it will
|
||
have to be fixed. However, this is as much a blessing as a curse,
|
||
since it points out the misused expression!
|
||
|
||
13.2 F~1lUM AND ~ROVENES$: cub AND OWN
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- End Forwarded Messages -----
|
||
|
||
|
||
Figure 13.2. Examples of CLlSP and DWlM features
|
||
|
||
Sometimes DWlM may alter an expression you didn't want it to.
|
||
This may occur if, for example,a hyphenated function name (eg.
|
||
(NY-FUNCTION)) is misused. If the system doesn't recognize it,
|
||
it may think you are trying to subtract "FUN~lON" from "MY".
|
||
DWlM also takes the liberty of updating the function, so it will
|
||
have to be fixed. However, this is as much a blessing as a curse,
|
||
since it points out the misused expression!
|
||
|
||
13.2 F~1lUM AND ~ROVENES$: cub AND OWN
|
||
I
|
||
|
||
|
||
----- End Forwarded Messages -----
|
||
|
||
TIMESROMAN
|
||
V H(DEFAULTFONT 1 (GACHA 10) (GACHA 8) (TERMINAL 8) (POSTSCRIPT (GACHA 8)))
|
||
E ( zº |