Interlisp.medley/docs/dinfo/CHAPEDITOR.TEDIT

Copyright (c) 1986 Xerox Corporation.  All rights reserved.

2

16.19  	Time Stamps
1

Whenever a function is edited, and changes were made, the function is time-stamped (by EDITE), which consists of inserting a comment of the form (* USERS-INITIALS DATE).  USERS-INITIALS is the value of the variable INITIALS.  After greeting (("Greeting" . TERM)), the function SETINITIALS is called.  SETINITIALS searches INITIALSLST, a list of elements of the form (USERNAME . INITIALS) or (USERNAME FIRSTNAME INITIALS).  If the user's name is found, INITIALS is set accordingly.  If the user's name is not found on INITIALSLST, INITIALS is set to the value of DEFAULTINITIALS, initially edited:.  Thus, the default is to always time stamp.  To suppress time stamping, the user must either include an entry of the form (USERNAME) on INITIALSLST, or set DEFAULTINITIALS to NIL before greeting, i.e. in his user profile, or else, after greeting, explicitly set INITIALS to NIL.
If the user wishes his functions to be time stamped with his initials when edited, he should include a file package command command of the form (ADDVARS (INITIALSLST (USERNAME . INITIALS))) in the user's INIT.LISP file (see ("GREET" . Function)).
The following three functions may be of use for specialized applications with respect to time-stamping: (FIXEDITDATE EXPR) which, given a lambda expression, inserts or smashes a time-stamp comment; (EDITDATE? COMMENT) which returns T if COMMENT is a time stamp; and (EDITDATE OLDATE INITLS) which returns a new time-stamp comment.  If OLDATE is a time-stamp comment, it will be reused.
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16.18  	Editor Functions
1
ÿÿ
(EDIT NAME ï%)  	[Function]
1

ÿGeneral purpose function for calling the editor.  Figures out what type of definition NAME has (function, variable, macro, etc.), and calls the editor to edit it.  If NAME has more than one definition of different types, the user is prompted for which type of definition to edit.
1

(EDITF NAME COM1 COM2 ... COMN)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Nlambda, nospread function for EDITing a Function.  NAME is the name of the function, COM1, COM2, ..., COMn are (optional)  edit commands.  EDITF returns NAME.
If NAME is NIL, it defaults to the value of LASTWORD (("LASTWORD" . Variable)), the last function or variable referred to by the user.
Note:  EDITF initially calls HASDEF (("HASDEF" . Function)), which does spelling correction on NAME using the spelling list USERWORDS (unless DWIMFLG=NIL).
1

The action of EDITF is somewhat complicated, because the function may be broken or advised, the expr definition of the function may be saved on the property list of NAME, the function may need to be loaded from a file, etc.  There are many special cases that have to be handled differently.  When EDITF is called, it tries the following, in order:
	(1)	In the most common case, if the definition of NAME is an expr definition (not as a result of its being broken or advised), EDITE (("EDITE" . Function)) is called to edit the function definition. 
	(2)	If NAME has an expr definition by virtue of its being broken or advised, and the original definition is also an expr definition, then the broken/advised definition is given to EDITE to be edited (since any changes there will also affect the original definition because all changes are destructive).  However, a warning message (e.g. "Note: you are editing a BROKEN definition") is printed to alert the user that the function definition is surrounded by a call to BREAK1 or ADV-PROG.
	(3)	If NAME has an expr definition by virtue of its being broken or advised, the original definition is not an expr definition, there is no EXPR property, and the file package "knows" which file NAME is contained in (see EDITLOADFNS?, ("EDITLOADFNS?" . Function)), then the expr definition of NAME is loaded onto its property list as described below, and the editor proceeds to the next possibility.  Otherwise, a warning message is printed (e.g. "Note: you are editing a BROKEN compiled definition"), and the edit proceeds, e.g., the user may have called the editor to examine the advice on a compiled function.
	(4)	If NAME has an expr definition by virtue of its being broken or advised, the original definition is not an EXPR, and there is an EXPR property, then the function is unbroken/unadvised (latter only with user's approval, since the user may really want to edit the advice) and the editor proceeds to the next possibility.
	(5)	If NAME does not have an expr definition, but has an EXPR property, EDITF prints prop, and calls EDITE (("EDITE" . Function) to edit this saved expr definition.  In this case, if the edit completes and no changes have been made, EDITE prints "not changed, so not unsaved."  If changes were made, but the value of DFNFLG (("DFNFLG" . Variable)) is PROP, EDITE prints "changed, but not unsaved."  Otherwise if changes were made, EDITE prints unsaved and does an UNSAVEDEF (("UNSAVEDEF" . Function)).
	(6)	If NAME neither has an expr definition nor an EXPR property, and the file package "knows" which file NAME is contained in (see EDITLOADFNS?, ("EDITLOADFNS?" . Function)), the expr definition of NAME is automatically loaded (using LOADFNS, ("LOADFNS" . Function)) onto the EXPR property, and EDITE proceeds as described above.  Because of the existence of file maps (("FileMaps" . TAG)), this operation is extremely fast, essentially requiring only the time to perform the READ to obtain the actual definition.  In addition, if NAME is a member of a block, the user will be asked whether he wishes the rest of the functions in the block to be loaded at the same time.
The editor's behaviour in this case is controlled by the value of EDITLOADFNSFLG, which is a dotted `air of two flags.  The CAR of EDITLOADFNSFLG controls the loading of the function, and the CDR controls the loading of the block.  A value of NIL for either flag means "load but ask first," a value of T means "don't ask, just do it" and anything else means "don't ask, don't do it." The initial value of EDITLOADFNSFLG is (T . NIL), meaning to load the function without asking, and ask about loading the block.
	(7)	If NAME has neither an expr definition nor an EXPR property, but it does have a macro definition, that definition is edited.
	(8)	If NAME has neither an expr definition nor an EXPR property nor a macro definition, the user is prompted with "No FNS defn for NAME.  Do you wish to edit a dummy defn?".  If the user confirms by typing Yes, a "blank" definition (stored on the variable DUMMY-EDIT-FUNCTION-BODY) is edited.  If any changes are made, on exit from the editor, the definition will be installed as the name's function definition.  Exiting the editor with the STOP command will prevent any changes to the function definition.
	(9)	Otherwise, the editor generates an NAME not editable error.
In all cases, if a function is edited, and changes were made, the function is time-stamped (by EDITE), which consists of inserting a comment of the form (* USERS-INITIALS DATE) (see ("TimeStamps" . TAG)).  If the function was already time-stamped, then only the date is changed.
(EDITFNS NAME COM1 COM2 ... COMN)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

An nlambda, nospread function, used to perform the same editing operations on several functions.  NAME is evaluated to obtain a list of functions.  If NAME is atomic, and its value is not a list, and it is the name of a file, (FILEFNSLST 'NAME) will be used as the list of functions to be edited.
COM1, COM2, ..., COMN are (optional) edit commands.  EDITFNS maps down the list of functions, prints the name of each function, and calls the editor (via EDITF) on that function.  The value of EDITFNS is NIL.
For example, (EDITFNS FOOFNS (R FIE FUM)) will change every FIE to FUM in each of the functions on FOOFNS.
The call to the editor is ERRORSET protected (("ERRORSET" . Function)), so that if the editing of one function causes an error, EDITFNS will proceed to the next function.  In particular, if an error occurred while editing a function via its EXPR property, the function would not be unsaved.  Thus in the above example, if one of the functions did not contain a FIE, the R command would cause an error, it would not be unsaved, and editing would continue with the next function.
1

(EDITV NAME COM1 COM2 ... COMN)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Similar to EDITF, for editing values of variables.  NAME is the name of the variable, COM1, COM2, ..., COMn are (optional)  edit commands.
If NAME is NIL, it defaults to the value of LASTWORD (("LASTWORD" . Variable)), the last function or variable referred to by the user.
If NAME is bound as a variable on the stack, EDITV edits its value, otherwise if NAME has a top-level variable binding, EDITV edits the top-level value.  EDITV returns NAME if it is bound or has a top-level value, NIL otherwise.
EDITV calls EDITE (("EDITE" . Function)) to edit the value of the variable.  Note that if the value of the variable is not a list, this causes an error: "EXPR not editable."
Note:  EDITV initially calls HASDEF (("HASDEF" . Function)), which does spelling correction on NAME using the spelling list USERWORDS (unless DWIMFLG=NIL).
1

(EDITP NAME COM1 COM2 ... COMN)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Similar to EDITF for editing property lists.  If the property list of NAME is NIL, EDITP attempts spelling correction using USERWORDS (unless DWIMFLG=NIL).  Then EDITP calls EDITE on the property list of NAME, (or the corrected spelling thereof), with TYPE=PROPLST.
EDITP returns the atom whose property list was edited.
1

(EDITE EXPR COMS ATM TYPE IFCHANGEDFN)  	[Function]
1

Edits the expression, EXPR, by calling EDITL on (LIST EXPR) and returning the last element of the value returned by EDITL.  Generates an error if EXPR is not a list: "EXPR not editable."
ATM and TYPE are for use in conjunction with the file package.  If supplied, ATM is the name of the object that EXPR is associated with, and TYPE describes the association (i.e., TYPE corresponds to the TYPE argument of MARKASCHANGED, ("MARKASCHANGED" . Function).)  For example, if EXPR is the definition of FOO, ATM=FOO and TYPE=FNS.  When EDITE is called from EDITP, EXPR is the property list of ATM, and TYPE=PROPLST, etc.
EDITE calls EDITL to do the editing (described below).  Upon return, if both ATM and TYPE are non-NIL, ADDSPELL is called to add ATM to the appropriate spelling list.  Then, if EXPR was changed, and the value of IFCHANGEDFN is not NIL, the value of IFCHANGEDFN is applied to the arguments ATM, EXPR, TYPE, and a flag which is T for normal edits from editor, NIL for calls that were aborted via control-D or STOP.  Otherwise, if EXPR was changed, and the value of IFCHANGEDFN is NIL, and TYPE is not NIL, MARKASCHANGED (("MARKASCHANGED" . Function)) is called on ATM and TYPE.  EDITE uses RESETSAVE to insure that IFCHANGEDFN and MARKASCHANGED are called if any change was made even if editing is subsequently aborted via control-D.  (In this case, the fourth argument to IFCHANGEDFN will be NIL.)
Note:  For TYPE=FNS or TYPE=PROP, i.e., calls from EDITF, EDITE performs some additional operations as described earlier under EDITF.
1

(EDITL L COMS ATM MESS EDITCHANGES)  	[Function]
1

EDITL is the editor.  Its first argument is the edit chain, and its value is an edit chain, namely the value of L at the time EDITL is exited.  L is a SPECVAR, and so can be examined or set by edit commands.  For example, ^ is equivalent to (E (SETQ L (LAST L)) T).  However, the user should only manipulate or examine L directly as a last resort, and then with caution.
COMS is an optional list of commands.  For interactive editing, coms is NIL.  In this case, EDITL types "edit" (or MESS, if it not NIL) and then waits for input from terminal.  All input is done with EDITRDTBL as the read table.  Exit occurs only via an OK, STOP, or SAVE command.
If COMS is not NIL, no message is typed, and each member of COMS is treated as a command and executed.  If an error occurs in the execution of one of the commands, no error message is printed, the rest of the commands are ignored, and EDITL exits with an error, i.e., the effect is the same as though a STOP command had been executed.  If all commands execute successfully, EDITL returns the current value of L.
ATM is optional.  On calls from EDITF, it is the name of the function being edited; on calls from EDITV, the name of the variable, and calls from EDITP, the atom whose property list is being edited.  The property list of ATM is used by the SAVE command for saving the state of the edit.  Thus SAVE will not save anything if ATM=NIL, i.e., when editing arbitrary expressions via EDITE or EDITL directly.  
EDITCHANGES is used for communicating with EDITE.
1
ÿÿ
(EDITL0 L COMS MESS ï%)  	[Function]
1

ÿLike EDITL, except it does not rebind or initialize the editor's various state variables, such as LASTAIL, UNFIND, UNDOLST, MARKLST, etc.  Should only be called when already under a call to EDITL.
1
ÿÿ
(EDIT4E PAT X ï%)  	[Function]
1

ÿThe editor's pattern match routine.  Returns T, if PAT matches X.  See ("EditPattern" . TAG) for definition of "match".
1

Note:  Before each search operation in the editor begins, the entire pattern is scanned for atoms or strings containing $s (<esc>s).  Atoms or strings containing $s are replaced by lists of the form ($ ...), and atoms or strings ending in double $s are replaced by lists of the form ($$ ...).  Thus from the standpoÿÿint of EDIT4E, single and double $ patterns are detected by (CAR PAT) being the atom $ (<esc>) or the atom $$ (<esc><esc>).  Therefore, if the user wishes to call EDIT4E directly, he must first convert any patterns which contain atoms or strings containing $s to the form recognized by EDIT4E.  This is done with the function EDITFPAT:
(EDITFPAT PAT ï%)  	[Function]
1

ÿMakes a copy of PAT with all atoms or strings containing $s (<esc>s) converted to the form expected by EDIT4E.
1

(EDITFINDP X PAT FLG)  	[Function]
1

Allows a program to use the edit find command as a pure predicate from outside the editor.  X is an expression, PAT a pattern.  The value of EDITFINDP is T if the command F PAT would succeed, NIL otherwise.  EDITFINDP calls EDITFPAT to convert PAT to the form expected by EDIT4E, unless FLG=T.  Thus, if the program is applying EDITFINDP to several different expressions using the same pattern, it will be more efficient to call EDITFPAT once, and then call EDITFINDP with the converted pattern and FLG=T.
1

(ESUBST NEW OLD EXPR ERRORFLG CHARFLG)  	[Function]
1

Equivalent to performing (R OLD NEW) with EXPR as the current expression, i.e., the order of arguments is the same as for SUBST.  Note that OLD and/or NEW can employ $s (<esc>s).  The value of ESUBST is the modified EXPR.  Generates an error if OLD not found in EXPR.  If ERRORFLG=T, also prints an error message of the form OLD ?.
If CHARFLG=T and no $s (<esc>s) are specified in NEW or OLD, it is equivalent to (RC OLD NEW).  In other words, if CHARFLG=T, and no $s appear, ESUBST will supply them.
ESUBST is always undoable.
1

(EDITLOADFNS? FN STR ASKFLG FILES)  	[Function]
1

FN is the name of a function.  EDITLOADFNS? returns the name of file FN is contained in, or NIL if no file is found.
EDITLOADFNS? performs (WHEREIS FN 'FNS FILES) to obtain the name of the file(s) containing FN, if any (see ("WHEREIS" . Function)).  If WHEREIS returns more than one file, EDITLOADFNS? asks the user to indicate which file to use.
If the file has been LOADed or LOADFROMed, the file name saved on the FILEDATES property (("FILEDATES" . PropertyName)) of the file is checked by calling INFILEP.  If not found, FINDFILE is called to find the file.  If a file is found, the file date (see FILEDATE, ("FILEDATE" . Function)) is compared to the file date saved on the FILEDATES property of the file, to determine whether this file is the one that was originally loaded.  If not, EDITLOADFNS? prints "*** note:  FILENAME dated DATE isn't current version; FILENAME dated DATE is." and then uses the file found.
In the case that FILES=T and the WHEREIS library package has been loaded, files(s) may be found that have not been loaded or otherwise noticed, and thus will not have FILEDATES property.  In this case, EDITLOADFNS? does not do any version checks, but simply uses the latest version.
Having decided which file the function is on, if ASKFLG=NIL, EDITLOADFNS? prints the value of STR followed by the name of the file, and returns the name of the file.  If ASKFLG=NIL and STR=NIL, EDITLOADFNS? prints "loading definition of FN from FILENAME."
If ASKFLG=T, EDITLOADFNS? calls ASKUSER (("ASKUSER" . Function)) giving (LIST FN STR FILENAME) as the message to be printed.  If ASKUSER returns Y, EDITLOADFNS? returns the filename.
1

EDITLOADFNS? is used by the editor, LOADFNS (when the file name is not supplied), by PRETTYPRINT, and by DWIM.
The function EDITCALLERS provides a way of rapidly searching a file or entire set of files, even files not loaded into Interlisp or "noticed" by the file package, for the appearance of one or more key words (atoms) anywhere in the file.
(EDITCALLERS ATOMS FILES COMS)  	[Function]
1

Uses FFILEPOS to search the file(s) FILES for occurrences of the atom(s) ATOMS.  It then calls EDITE on each of those objects, performing the edit commands COMS.  If COMS=NIL, then (EXAM . ATOMS) is used.  Both ATOMS and FILES may be single atoms.  If FILES is NIL, FILELST is used.  Elements on ATOMS may contain $s (<esc>s).
EDITCALLERS prints the name of each file as it searches it, and when it finds an occurrence of one of ATOMS, it prints out either the name of the containing function or, if the atom occurred outside a function definition, it prints out the byte position at which the atom was found.
EDITCALLERS will read in and use the filemap of the file. In the case that the editor is actually called, EDITCALLERS will LOADFROM the file if the file has not previously been noticed.
EDITCALLERS uses GETDEF (("GETDEF" . Function)) to obtain the "definition" for each object. When EDITE returns, if a change was made, PUTDEF is called to store the changed object.
1

(FINDCALLERS ATOMS FILES)  	[Function]
1

Like EDITCALLERS, except does not call the editor, but instead simply returns the list of files that contain one of ATOMS.
1

EDITRACEFN  	[Variable]
1

This variable is available to help the user debug complex edit macros, or subroutine calls to the editor.  If EDITRACEFN is set to T, the function EDITRACEFN (initially undefined) is called whenever a command that was not typed in by the user is about to be executed, giving it that command as its argument.  However, the TRACE and BREAK options described below are probably sufficient for most applications.
If EDITRACEFN is set to TRACE, the name of the command and the current expression are printed.  If EDITRACEFN=BREAK, the same information is printed, and the editor goes into a break.  The user can then examine the state of the editor.
EDITRACEFN is initially NIL.
1

(SETTERMCHARS NEXTCHAR BKCHAR LASTCHAR UNQUOTECHAR 2CHAR PPCHAR)  	[Function]
1

Used to set up the immediate read macros used by the editor, as well as the control-Y read macro (("control-YReadMacro" . TAG)).  NEXTCHAR, BKCHAR, LASTCHAR, 2CHAR and PPCHAR specify which control character should perform the edit commands NXP, BKP, -1P, 2P and PP*, respectively; UNQUOTECHAR corresponds to control-Y.  For each non-NIL argument, SETTERMCHARS makes the corresponding control character have the indicated function.  The arguments to SETTERMCHARS can be character codes, the control characters themselves, or the alphabetic letters corresponding to the control characters.  
1

If an argument to SETTERMCHARS is currently assigned as an interrupt character, it cannot be a read macro (since the reader will never see it); SETTERMCHARS prints a message to that effect and makes no change to the control character.  However, if SETTERMCHARS is given a list as one of its arguments, it uses CAR of the list even if the character is an interrupt.  In this case, if CADR of the list is non-NIL, SETTERMCHARS reassigns the interrupt function to CADR.  For example, if control-X is an interrupt, (SETTERMCHARS '(X W)) assigns control-W the interrupt control-X had, and makes control-X be the NEXTCHAR operator.
As part of the greeting operation, SETTERMCHARS is applied to the value of EDITCHARACTERS, which is initially (J X Z Y N) in Interlisp-D and in Interlisp-10 under Tenex, (J A L Y K) under Tops-20 (control-J is line-feed).  SETTERMCHARS is called after the user's init file is loaded, so it works to reset EDITCHARACTERS in the init file; alternatively, SETTERMCHARS can be called explicitly.

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16.17  	EDITDEFAULT
1

Whenever a command is not recognized, i.e., is not "built in" or defined as a macro, the editor calls an internal function, EDITDEFAULT, to determine what action to take.  Since EDITDEFAULT is part of the edit block, the user cannot advise or redefine it as a means of augmenting or extending the editor.  However, the user can accomplish this via EDITUSERFN.  If the value of the variable EDITUSERFN is T, EDITDEFAULT calls the function EDITUSERFN giving it the command as an argument.  If EDITUSERFN returns a non-NIL value, its value is interpreted as a single command and executed.  Otherwise, the error correction procedure described below is performed.
If a location specification is being executed, an internal flag informs EDITDEFAULT to treat the command as though it had been preceded by an F.
If the command is a list, an attempt is made to perform spelling correction on the CAR of the command (unless DWIMFLG=NIL) using EDITCOMSL, a list of all list edit commands.  If spelling correction is successful, the correct command name is RPLACAed into the command, and the editor continues by executing the command.  In other words, if the user types (LP F PRINT (MBBD AND (NULL FLG))), only one spelling correction will be necessary to change MBBD to MBD.  If spelling correction is not successful, an error is generated.
Note:  When a macro is defined via the M command, the command name is added to EDITCOMSA or EDITCOMSL, depending on whether it is an atomic or list command.  The USERMACROS file package command is aware of this, and provides for restoring EDITCOMSA and EDITCOMSL.
If the command is atomic, the procedure followed is a little more elaborate.
	(1)	If the command is one of the list commands, i.e., a member of EDITCOMSL, and there is additional input on the same terminal line, treat the entire line as a single list command.  The line is read using READLINE (("READLINE" . Function)), so the line can be terminated by a square bracket, or by a carriage return not preceded by a space.  The user may omit parentheses for any list command typed in at the top level (provided the command is not also an atomic command, e.g. NX, BK).  For example,
*P
(COND (& &) (T &))
*XTR 3 2]
*MOVE TO AFTER LP
*
If the command is on the list EDITCOMSL but no additional input is on the terminal line, an error is generated, e.g.
*P
(COND (& &) (T &))
*MOVE

MOVE ?
*
If the command is on EDITCOMSL, and not typed in directly, e.g., it appears as one of the commands in a LP command, the procedure is similar, with the rest of the command stream at that level being treated as "the terminal line", e.g. (LP F (COND (T &)) XTR 2 2).
Note that if the command is being executed in location context, EDITDEFAULT does not get this far, e.g., (MOVE TO AFTER COND XTR 3) will search for XTR, not execute it.  However, (MOVE TO AFTER COND (XTR 3)) will work.
	(2)	If the command was typed in and the first character in the command is an 8, treat the 8 as a mistyped left parenthesis, and and the rest of the line as the arguments to the command, e.g.,
*P
(COND (& &) (T &))
*8-2 (Y (RETURN Z)))
=(-2
*P
(COND (Y &) (& &) (T &))
	(3)	If the command was typed in, is the name of a function, and is followed by NIL or a list CAR of which is not an edit command, assume the user forgot to type E and means to apply the function to its arguments, type =E and the function name, and perform the indicated computation, e.g.
*BREAK(FOO)
=E BREAK
(FOO)
*
	(4)	If the last character in the command is P, and the first N-1 characters comprise a number, assume that the user intended two commands, e.g.,
*P
(COND (& &) (T &))
*0P
=0 P
(SETQ X (COND & &))
	(5)	Attempt spelling correction using EDITCOMSA, and if successful, execute the corrected command.
	(6)	If there is additional input on the same line, or command stream, spelling correct using EDITCOMSL as a spelling list, e.g.,
*MBBD SETQ X
=MBD
*
	(6)	Otherwise, generate an error.
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16.16  	Undo
1

Each command that causes structure modification automatically adds an entry to the front of UNDOLST that contains the information required to restore all pointers that were changed by that command.
UNDO  	[Editor Command]
1

Undoes the last, i.e., most recent, structure modification command that has not yet been undone, and prints the name of that command, e.g., MBD undone.  The edit chain is then exactly what it was before the "undone" command had been performed.  If there are no commands to undo, UNDO types nothing saved.
1

!UNDO  	[Editor Command]
1

Undoes all modifications performed during this editing session, i.e. this call to the editor.  As each command is undone, its name is printed a la UNDO.  If there is nothing to be undone, !UNDO prints nothing saved.
1

Undoing an event containing an I, E, or S command will also undo the side effects of the evaluation(s), e.g., undoing (I 3 (/NCONC FOO FIE)) will not only restore the 3rd element but also restore FOO. Similarly, undoing an S command will undo the set.  See the discussion of UNDO in ("UNDO" . Prog.Asst.Command).  (Note that if the I command was typed directly to the editor, /NCONC would automatically be substituted for NCONC as described in ("SlashifyingTypedInFns" . TAG).)
Since UNDO and !UNDO cause structure modification, they also add an entry to UNDOLST.  However, UNDO and !UNDO entries are skipped by UNDO, e.g., if the user performs an INSERT, and then an MBD, the first UNDO will undo the MBD, and the second will undo the INSERT.  However, the user can also specify precisely which commands he wants undone by identifying the corresponding entry.  In this case, he can undo an UNDO command, e.g., by typing UNDO UNDO, or undo a !UNDO command, or undo a command other than that most recently performed.
Whenever the user continues an editing session, the undo information of the previous session is protected by inserting a special blip, called an undo-block, on the front of UNDOLST.  This undo-block will terminate the operation of a !UNDO, thereby confining its effect to the current session, and will similarly prevent an UNDO command from operating on commands executed in the previous session.
Thus, if the user enters the editor continuing a session, and immediately executes an UNDO or !UNDO, the editor will type BLOCKED instead of NOTHING SAVED.  Similarly, if the user executes several commands and then undoes them all, another UNDO or !UNDO will also cause BLOCKED to be typed.
UNBLOCK  	[Editor Command]
1

Removes an undo-block.  If executed at a non-blocked state, i.e., if UNDO or !UNDO could operate, types NOT BLOCKED.
1

TEST  	[Editor Command]
1

Adds an undo-block at the front of UNDOLST.
1

Note that TEST together with !UNDO provide a "tentative" mode for editing, i.e., the user can perform a number of changes, and then undo all of them with a single !UNDO command.
(UNDO EventSpec)  	[Editor Command]
1

EventSpec is an event specification (see ("EventAddress" . TAG)).  Undoes the indicated event on the history list.  In this case, the event does not have to be in the current editing session, even if the previous session has not been unblocked as described above.  However, the user does have to be editing the same expression as was being edited in the indicated event.
If the expressions differ, the editor types the warning message "different expression," and does not undo the event.  The editor enforces this to avoid the user accidentally undoing a random command by giving the wrong event specification.
1

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16.15  	Edit Macros
1

Many of the more sophisticated branching commands in the editor, such as ORR, IF, etc., are most often used in conjunction with edit macros.  The macro feature permits the user to define new commands and thereby expand the editor's repertoire, or redefine existing commands (to refer to the original definition of a built-in command when redefining it via a macro, use the ORIGINAL command, ("ORIGINAL" . EditorCommand)).
Macros are defined by using the M command:
(M C COMS1 ... COMSN)  	[Editor Command]
1

For C an atom, M defines C as an atomic command.  If a macro is redefined, its new definition replaces its old.  Executing C is then the same as executing the list of commands COMS1 ... COMSN.
1

For example, (M BP BK UP P) will define BP as an atomic command which does three things, a BK, and UP, and a P.  Macros can use commands defined by macros as well as built in commands in their definitions.  For example, suppose Z is defined by (M Z -1 (IF (READP T) NIL (P))), i.e., Z does a -1, and then if nothing has been typed, a P.  Now we can define ZZ by (M ZZ -1 Z), and ZZZ by (M ZZZ -1 -1 Z) or (M ZZZ -1 ZZ).
Macros can also define list commands, i.e., commands that take arguments.
(M (C) (ARG1 ... ARGN) COMS1 ... COMSM)  	[Editor Command]
1

C an atom.  M defines C as a list command.  Executing (C E1 ... EN) is then performed by substituting E1 for ARG1, ... EN for ARGN throughout COMS1 ... COMSM, and then executing COMS1 ... COMSM.
1

For example, we could define a more general BP by (M (BP) (N) (BK N) UP P).  Thus, (BP 3) would perform (BK 3), followed by an UP, followed by a P.
A list command can be defined via a macro so as to take a fixed or indefinite number of "arguments", as with spread vs. nospread functions.  The form given above specified a macro with a fixed number of arguments, as indicated by its argument list.  If the "argument list" is atomic, the command takes an indefinite number of arguments.
(M (C) ARG COMS1 ... COMSM)  	[Editor Command]
1

If C, ARG are both atoms, this defines C as a list command.  Executing (C E1 ... EN) is performed by substituting (E1 ... EN), i.e., CDR of the command, for ARG throughout COMS1 ... COMSM, and then executing COMS1 ... COMSM.
1

For example, the command 2ND (("2ND" . EditorCommand)), could be defined as a macro by (M (2ND) X (ORR ((LC . X) (LC . X)))).
Note that for all editor commands, "built in" commands as well as commands defined by macros as atomic commands and list definitions are completely independent.  In other words, the existence of an atomic definition for C in no way affects the treatment of C when it appears as CAR of a list command, and the existence of a list definition for C in no way affects the treatment of C when it appears as an atom.  In particular, C can be used as the name of either an atomic command, or a list command, or both.  In the latter case, two entirely different definitions can be used.
Note also that once C is defined as an atomic command via a macro definition, it will not be searched for when used in a location specification, unless it is preceded by an F.  Thus (INSERT -- BEFORE BP) would not search for BP, but instead perform a BK, and UP, and a P, and then do the insertion.  The corresponding also holds true for list commands.
Occasionally, the user will want to employ the S command in a macro to save some temporary result.  For example, the SW command could be defined as:
(M (SW) (N M)
    (NTH N)
    (S FOO 1)
    MARK
    0
    (NTH M)
    (S FIE 1)
    (I 1 FOO)
    __
    (I 1 FIE))
Since this version of SW sets FOO and FIE, using SW may have undesirable side effects, especially when the editor was called from deep in a computation, we would have to be careful to make up unique names for dummy variables used in edit macros, which is bothersome. Furthermore, it would be impossible to define a command that called itself recursively while setting free variables. The BIND command solves both problems.
(BIND COMS1 ... COMSN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Binds three dummy variables #1, #2, #3, (initialized to NIL), and then executes the edit commands COMS1 ... COMSN.  BIND uses a PROG to make these bindings, so they are only in effect while the commands are being executed and BINDs can be used recursively; the variables #1, #2, and #3 will be rebound each time BIND is invoked.
1

Thus, we can write SW safely as:
(M (SW) (N M)
    (BIND (NTH N)
          (S #1 1)
          MARK
          0
          (NTH M)
          (S #2 1)
          (I 1 #1)
          __
          (I 1 #2)))
(ORIGINAL COMS1 ... COMSN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Executes COMS1 ... COMSN without regard to macro definitions.  Useful for redefining a built in command in terms of itself., i.e. effectively allows user to "advise" edit commands.
1

User macros are stored on a list USERMACROS.  The file package command USERMACROS (("USERMACROS" . FilePackageCommand)), is available for dumping all or selected user macros.
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16.14  	Commands That Test
1

(IF X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Generates an error unless the value of (EVAL X) is true.  In other words, if (EVAL X) causes an error or (EVAL X)=NIL, IF will cause an error.
1

For some editor commands, the occurrence of an error has a well defined meaning, i.e., they use errors to branch on, as COND uses NIL and non-NIL.  For example, an error condition in a location specification may simply mean "not this one, try the next."  Thus the location specification  (IPLUS (E (OR (NUMBERP (## 3)) (ERROR!)) T)) specifies the first IPLUS whose second argument is a number.  The IF command, by equating NIL to error, provides a more natural way of accomplishing the same result.  Thus, an equivalent location specification is (IPLUS (IF (NUMBERP (## 3)))).
The IF command can also be used to select between two alternate lists of commands for execution.
(IF X COMS1 COMS2)  	[Editor Command]
1

If (EVAL X) is true, execute COMS1; if (EVAL X) causes an error or is equal to NIL, execute COMS2.
Thus IF is equivalent to
(COMS (CONS 'COMSQ
            (COND
               ((CAR (NLSETQ (EVAL X)))
                  COMS1)
               (T  COMS2))))
1

For example, the command (IF (READP T) NIL (P)) will print the current expression provided the input buffer is empty.
(IF X COMS1)  	[Editor Command]
1

If (EVAL X) is true, execute COMS1; otherwise generate an error.
1

(LP COMS1 ... COMSN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Repeatedly executes COMS1 ... COMSN until an error occurs.
For example, (LP F PRINT (N T)) will attach a T at the end of every PRINT expression.  (LP F PRINT (IF (## 3) NIL ((N T)))) will attach a T at the end of each print expression which does not already have a second argument.  The form (## 3) will cause an error if the edit command 3 causes an error, thereby selecting ((N T)) as the list of commands to be executed. The IF could also be written as (IF (CDDR (##)) NIL ((N T))).
When an error occurs, LP prints N OCCURRENCES where N is the number of times the commands were successfully executed.  The edit chain is left as of the last complete successful execution of COMS1 ... COMSN.
1

(LPQ COMS1 ... COMSN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as LP but does not print the message N OCCURRENCES.
1

In order to prevent non-terminating loops, both LP and LPQ terminate when the number of iterations reaches MAXLOOP, initially set to 30.  MAXLOOP can be set to NIL, which is equivalent to setting it to infinity.  Since the edit chain is left as of the last successful completion of the loop, the user can simply continue the LP command with REDO (("REDO" . Prog.Asst.Command)).
(SHOW X)  	[Editor Command]
1

X is a list of patterns.  SHOW does a LPQ printing all instances of the indicated expression(s), e.g. (SHOW FOO (SETQ FIE &)) will print all FOO's and all (SETQ FIE &)'s.  Generates an error if there aren't any instances of the expression(s).
1

(EXAM X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Like SHOW except calls the editor recursively (via the TTY: command, see ("TTY:" . EditorCommand)) on each instance of the indicated espression(s) so that the user can examine and/or change them.
1

(ORR COMS1 ... COMSN)  	[Editor Command]
1

ORR begins by executing COMS1, a list of commands. If no error occurs, ORR is finished.  Otherwise, ORR restores the edit chain to its original value, and continues by executing COMS2, etc.  If none of the command lists execute without errors, i.e., the ORR "drops off the end", ORR generates an error.  Otherwise, the edit chain is left as of the completion of the first command list which executes without an error.
NIL as a command list is perfectly legal, and will always execute successfully.  Thus, making the last "argument" to ORR be NIL will insure that the ORR never causes an error.  Any other atom is treated as (ATOM), i.e., the above example could be written as (ORR NX !NX NIL).
1

For example, (ORR (NX) (!NX) NIL) will perform a NX, if possible, otherwise a !NX, if possible, otherwise do nothing.  Similarly, DELETE could be written as (ORR (UP (1)) (BK UP (2)) (UP (: NIL))).
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16.13  	Commands That Evaluate
1

E  	[Editor Command]
1

Causes the editor to call the Interlisp executive LISPX giving it the next input as argument.  Example: 
*E BREAK(FIE FUM)
(FIE FUM)
*E (FOO)

(FIE BROKEN)
:
Note:  E only works when when typed in, e.g, (INSERT D BEFORE E) will treat E as a pattern, and search for E.
1

(E X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Evaluates X, i.e., performs (EVAL X), and prints the result on the terminal.
1

(E X T)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (E x) but does not print.
1

The (E X) and (E X T) commands are mainly intended for use by macros and subroutine calls to the editor; the user would probably type in a form for evaluation using the more convenient format of the (atomic) E command.
(I C X1 ... XN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Executes the editor command (C Y1 ... YN) where Yi = (EVAL Xi).  If C is not an atom, C is evaluated also.
Examples:
(I 3 (GETD 'FOO)) will replace the 3rd element of the current expression with the definition of FOO.
(I N FOO (CAR FIE)) will attach the value of FOO and CAR of the value of FIE to the end of the current expression.
(I F= FOO T) will search for an expression EQ to the value of FOO.
(I (COND ((NULL FLG) '-1) (T 1)) FOO), if FLG is NIL, inserts the value of FOO before the first element of the current expression, otherwise replaces the first element by the value of FOO.
The I command sets an internal flag to indicate to the structure modification commands not to copy expression(s) when inserting, replacing, or attaching.
1

EVAL  	[Editor Command]
1

Does an EVAL of the current expression.
1

Note that EVAL, line-feed, and the GO command together effectively allow the user to "single-step" a program through its symbolic definition.
GETVAL  	[Editor Command]
1

Replaces the current expression by the result of evaluating it.
1

(## COM1 COM2 ... COMN)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

An nlambda, nospread function (not a command).  Its value is what the current expression would be after executing the edit commands COM1 ... COMN starting from the present edit chain.  Generates an error if any of COM1 thru COMN cause errors.  The current edit chain is nefer changed.
Note:  The A, B, :, INSERT, REPLACE, and CHANGE commands make special checks for ## forms in the expressions used for inserting or replacing, and use a copy of ## form instead (see ("EditorAchecks" . TAG)).  Thus, (INSERT (## 3 2) AFTER 1) is equivalent to (I INSERT (COPY (## 3 2)) 'AFTER 1).
1

Example: (I R 'X (## (CONS .. Z))) replaces all X's in the current expression by the first CONS containing a Z.
The I command is not very convenient for computing an entire edit command for execution, since it computes the command name and its arguments separately.  Also, the I command cannot be used to compute an atomic command.  The following two commands provide more general ways of computing commands.
(COMS X1 ... XM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Each Xi is evaluated and its value is executed as a command.
1

For example, (COMS (COND (X (LIST 1 X)))) will replace the first element of the current expression with the value of X if non-NIL, otherwise do nothing.  The editor command NIL is a no-op (("NIL" . EditorCommand)).
(COMSQ COM1 ... COMN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Executes COM1 ... COMN.
1

COMSQ is mainly useful in conjunction with the COMS command.  For example, suppose the user wishes to compute an entire list of commands for evaluation, as opposed to computing each command one at a time as does the COMS command.  He would then write (COMS (CONS 'COMSQ X)) where X computed the list of commands, e.g., (COMS (CONS 'COMSQ (GETP FOO 'COMMANDS))).
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16.12  	Miscellaneous Commands
1

NIL  	[Editor Command]
1

Unless preceded by F or BF, is always a no-op.  Thus extra right parentheses or square brackets at the ends of commands are ignored.
1

CL  	[Editor Command]
1

Clispifies the current expression (see ("CLISPIFY" . Function)).
1

DW  	[Editor Command]
1

Dwimifies the current expression (see ("DWIMIFY" . Function)).
1

IFY  	[Editor Command]
1

If the current statement is a COND statement (("COND" . Function)), replaces it with an eqivalent IF statement (("IF" . Statement)).
1

GET*  	[Editor Command]
1

If the current expression is a comment pointer (see ("CommentPointer" . TAG)), reads in the full text of the comment, and replaces the current expression by it.
1

(* . X)  	[Editor Command]
1

X is the text of a comment.  * ascends the edit chain looking for a "safe" place to insert the comment, e.g., in a COND clause, after a PROG statement, etc., and inserts (* . X) after that point, if possible, otherwise before.  For example, if the current expression is (FACT (SUB1 N)) in
[COND
   ((ZEROP N) 1)
   (T (ITIMES N (FACT (SUB1 N]
then (* CALL FACT RECURSIVELY) would insert (* CALL FACT RECURSIVELY) before the ITIMES expression.  If inserted after the ITIMES, the comment would then be (incorrectly) returned as the value of the COND.  However, if the COND was itself a PROG statement, and hence its value was not being used, the comment could be (and would be) inserted after the ITIMES expression.
* does not change the edit chain, but UNFIND is set to where the comment was actually inserted.
1

GETD  	[Editor Command]
1

Essentially "expands" the current expression in line: (1) if (CAR of) the current expression is the name of a macro, expands the macro in line; (2) if a CLISP word, translates the current expression and replaces it with the translation; (3) if CAR is the name of a function for which the editor can obtain a symbolic definition, either in-core or from a file, substitutes the argument expressions for the corresponding argument names in the body of the definition and replaces the current expression with the result; (4) if CAR of the current expression is an open lambda, substitutes the arguments for the corresponding argument names in the body of the lambda, and then removes the lambda and argument list.
Warning:  When expanding a function definition or open lambda expression, GETD does a simple substitution of the actual arguments for the formal arguments.  Therefore, if any of the function arguments are used in other ways in the function definition (as functions, as record fields, etc.), they will simply be replaced with the actual arguments.
1

(MAKEFN (FN . ACTUALARGS) ARGLIST N1 N2)  	[Editor Command]
1

The inverse of GETD: makes the current expression into a function.  FN is the function name, ARGLIST its arguments.  The argument names are substituted for the corresponding argument values in ACTUALARGS, and the result becomes the body of the function definition for FN.  The current expression is then replaced with (FN . ACTUALARGS).
If N1 and N2 are supplied, (N1 THRU N2) is used rather than the current expression; if just N1 is supplied, (N1 THRU -1) is used.
If ARGLIST is omitted, MAKEFN will make up some arguments, using elements of ACTUALARGS, if they are literal atoms, otherwise arguments selected from (X Y Z A B C ...), avoiding duplicate argument names.
1

Example:  If the current expression is (COND ((CAR X) (PRINT Y T)) (T (HELP))), then (MAKEFN (FOO (CAR X) Y) (A B)) will define FOO as (LAMBDA (A B) (COND (A (PRINT B T)) (T (HELP)))) and then replace the current expression with (FOO (CAR X) Y).
(MAKE ARGNAME EXP)  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the value of ARGNAME be EXP in the call which is the current expression, i.e. a ?= command following a MAKE will always print ARGNAME=EXP.  For example:
*P
(JSYS)
*?=
JSYS[N;AC1,AC2,AC3,RESULTAC]
*(MAKE N 10)
*(MAKE RESULTAC 3)
*P
(JSYS 10 NIL NIL NIL 3)
1

Q  	[Editor Command]
1

Quotes the current expression, i.e. MBD QUOTE.
1

D  	[Editor Command]
1

Deletes the current expression, then prints new current expression, i.e. (:) I P.
1

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16.11  	History commands in the editor
1

All of the user's inputs to the editor are stored on the history list EDITHISTORY (see ("EDITHISTORY" . Variable), the editor's history list, and all of the programmer's assistant commands for manipulating the history list, e.g. REDO, USE, FIX, NAME, etc., are available for use on events on EDITHISTORY.  In addition, the following four history commands are recognized specially by the editor.  They always operate on the last, i.e. most recent, event.
DO COM  	[Editor Command]
1

Allows the user to supply the command name when it was omitted.
USE is useful when a command name is incorrect.
1

For example, suppose the user wants to perform (-2 (SETQ X (LIST Y Z))) but instead types just (SETQ X (LIST Y Z)).  The editor will type SETQ ?, whereupon the user can type DO -2.  The effect is the same as though the user had typed FIX, followed by (LI 1), (-1 -2), and OK, i.e., the command (-2 (SETQ X (LIST Y Z))) is executed.  DO also works if the  command is a line command.
!F  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as DO F.
1

In the case of !F, the previous command is always treated as though it were a line command, e.g., if the user types (SETQ X &) and then !F, the effect is the same as though he had typed F (SETQ X &), not (F (SETQ X &)).
!E  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as DO E.
1

!N  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as DO N.
1

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16.10  	Manipulating Predicates and Conditional Expressions
1

JOINC  	[Editor Command]
1

Used to join two neighboring COND's together, e.g. (COND CLAUSE1 CLAUSE2) followed by (COND CLAUSE3 CLAUSE4) becomes (COND CLAUSE1 CLAUSE2 CLAUSE3 CLAUSE4).  JOINC does an (F COND T) first so that you don't have to be at the first COND.
1

(SPLITC X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Splits one COND into two.  X specifies the last clause in the first COND, e.g. (SPLITC 3) splits (COND CLAUSE1 CLAUSE2 CLAUSE3 CLAUSE4) into (COND CLAUSE1 CLAUSE2) (COND CLAUSE3 CLAUSE4). Uses the generalized NTH command (NTH COM), so that X does not have to be a number, e.g., the user can say (SPLITC RETURN), meaning split after the clause containing RETURN.  SPLITC also does an (F COND T) first.
1

NEGATE  	[Editor Command]
1

Negates the current expression, i.e. performs (MBD NOT), except that is smart about simplifying.  For example, if the current expression is: (OR (NULL X) (LISTP X)), NEGATE would change it to (AND X (NLISTP X)).
NEGATE is implemented via the function NEGATE (("NEGATE" . Function)).
1

SWAPC  	[Editor Command]
1

Takes a conditional expression of the form (COND (A B)(T C)) and rearranges it to an equivalent (COND ((NOT A) C)(T B)), or (COND (A B) (C D)) to (COND ((NOT A) (COND (C D))) (T B)).
1

SWAPC is smart about negations (uses NEGATE) and simplifying CONDs.  It always produces an equivalent expression.  It is useful for those cases where one wants to insert extra clauses or tests.  
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16.9  	Manipulating the Characters of an Atom or String
1

RAISE  	[Editor Command]
1

An edit macro defined as UP followed by (I 1 (U-CASE (## 1))), i.e., it raises to upper-case the current expression, or if a tail, the first element of the current expression.
1

LOWER  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to RAISE, except uses L-CASE.
1

CAP  	[Editor Command]
1

First does a RAISE, and then lowers all but the first character, i.e., the first character is left capitalized.
1

Note: RAISE, LOWER, and CAP are all no-ops if the corresponding atom or string is already in that state.
(RAISE X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Equivalent to (I R (L-CASE X) X), i.e., changes every lower-case X to upper-case in the current expression.
1

(LOWER X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to RAISE, except performs (I R X (L-CASE X)).
1

Note that in both (RAISE X) and (LOWER X), X should be typed in upper case.
REPACK  	[Editor Command]
1

Permits the "editing" of an atom or string.
REPACK operates by calling the editor recursively on UNPACK of the current expression, or if it is a list, on UNPACK of its first element. If the lower editor is exited successfully, i.e., via OK as opposed to STOP, the list of atoms is made into a single atom or string, which replaces the atom or string being "repacked."  The new atom or string is always printed.
1

Example:
*P
... "THIS IS A LOGN STRING")
*REPACK
*EDIT
P
(T H I S %  I S %  A %  L O G N %  S T R I N G)
*(SW G N)
*OK
"THIS IS A LONG STRING"
*
Note that this could also have been accomplished by (R $GN$ $NG$) or simply (RC GN NG).
(REPACK @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Does (LC . @) followed by REPACK, e.g. (REPACK THIS$).
1

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16.8  	Nested Calls to Editor
1

TTY:  	[Editor Command]
1

Calls the editor recursively.  The user can then type in commands, and have them executed.  The TTY: command is completed when the user exits from the lower editor.  (see OK and STOP above).
1

The TTY: command is extremely useful.  It enables the user to set up a complex operation, and perform interactive attention-changing commands part way through it.  For example the command (MOVE 3 TO AFTER COND 3 P TTY:) allows the user to interact, in effect, within the MOVE command.  Thus he can verify for himself that the correct location has been found, or complete the specification "by hand."  In effect, TTY: says "I'll tell you what you should do when you get there."
The TTY: command operates by printing TTY: and then calling the editor.  The initial edit chain in the lower editor is the one that existed in the higher editor at the time the TTY: command was entered.  Until the user exits from the lower editor, any attention changing commands he executes only affect the lower editor's edit chain.  Of course, if the user performs any structure modification commands while under a TTY: command, these will modify the structure in both editors, since it is the same structure.  When the TTY: command finishes, the lower editor's edit chain becomes the edit chain of the higher editor.
EF  	[Editor Command]
1

EV  	[Editor Command]
1

EP  	[Editor Command]
1

Calls EDITF or EDITV or EDITP on CAR of current expression.
1

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16.7  	Commands for Leaving the Editor
1

OK  	[Editor Command]
1

Exits from the editor.
1

STOP  	[Editor Command]
1

Exits from the editor with an error.  Mainly for use in conjunction with TTY: commands (("TTY:" . EditorCommand)) that the user wants to abort.
1

Since all of the commands in the editor are errorset protected, the user must exit from the editor via a command.  STOP provides a way of distinguishing between a successful and unsuccessful (from the user's standpoint) editing session.  For example, if the user is executing (MOVE 3 TO AFTER COND TTY:), and he exits from the lower editor with an OK, the MOVE command will then complete its operation.  If the user wants to abort the MOVE command, he must make the TTY: command generate an error.  He does this by exiting from the lower editor with a STOP command.  In this case, the higher editor's edit chain will not be changed by the TTY: command.
Actually, it is also possible to exit the editor by typing control-D.  STOP is preferred even if the user is editing at the EVALQT level, as it will perform the necessary "wrapup" to insure that the changes made while editing will be undoable.
SAVE  	[Editor Command]
1

Exits from the editor and saves the "state of the edit" on the property list of the function or variable being edited under the property EDIT-SAVE.  If the editor is called again on the same structure, the editing is effectively "continued," i.e., the edit chain, mark list, value of UNFIND and UNDOLST are restored.
1

For example:
*P
(NULL X)
*F COND P
(COND (& &) (T &))
*SAVE
FOO
_ .
  .
  .
_EDITF(FOO)
EDIT
*P
(COND (& &) (T &))
*\ P
(NULL X)
*
SAVE is necessary only if the user is editing many different expressions; an exit from the editor via OK always saves the state of the edit of that call to the editor on the property list of the atom EDIT, under the property name LASTVALUE.  OK also remprops EDIT-SAVE from the property list of the function or variable being edited.
Whenever the editor is entered, it checks to see if it is editing the same expression as the last one edited.  In this case, it restores the mark list and UNDOLST, and sets UNFIND to be the edit chain as of the previous exit from the editor.  For example:
_EDITF(FOO)
EDIT
*P
(LAMBDA (X) (PROG & & LP & & & &))
  .
  .
  .
*P
(COND & &)
*OK
FOO
_ .
  .                any number of LISPX inputs
  .                except for calls to the editor
_EDITF(FOO)
EDIT
*P
(LAMBDA (X) (PROG & & LP & & & &))
*\ P
(COND & &)
*
Furthermore, as a result of the history feature, if the editor is called on the same expression within a certain number of LISPX inputs (namely, the size of the history list, which can be changed with CHANGESLICE, ("CHANGESLICE" . Function)) the state of the edit of that expression is restored, regardless of how many other expressions may have been edited in the meantime.  For example:
_EDITF(FOO)
EDIT
*
  .
  .
  .
*P
(COND (& &) (& &) (&) (T &))
*OK
FOO
  .                a small number of LISPX inputs,
  .                including editing
  .
_EDITF(FOO)
EDIT
*\ P
(COND (& &) (& &) (&) (T &))
*
Thus the user can always continue editing, including undoing changes from a previous editing session, if (1) No other expressions have been edited since that session (since saving takes place at exit time, intervening calls that were aborted via control-D or exited via STOP will not affect the editor's memory); or (2) That session was "sufficiently" recent; or (3) It was ended with a SAVE command.
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16.6  	Commands That Print
1

PP  	[Editor Command]
1

Prettyprints the current expression.
1

P  	[Editor Command]
1

Prints the current expression as though PRINTLEVEL (("PRINTLEVEL" . Function)) were set to 2.
1

(P M)  	[Editor Command]
1

Prints the Mth element of the current expression as though PRINTLEVEL were set to 2.
1

(P 0)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as P.
1

(P M N)  	[Editor Command]
1

Prints the Mth element of the current expression as though PRINTLEVEL were set to N.
1

(P 0 N)  	[Editor Command]
1

Prints the current expression as though PRINTLEVEL were set to N.
1

?  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (P 0 100).
1

Both (P M) and (P M N) use the generalized NTH command (NTH COM) to obtain the corresponding element, so that M does not have to be a number, e.g., (P COND 3) will work.  PP causes all comments to be printed as **COMMENT** (see ("**COMMENT**FLG" . Variable)).  P and ? print as **COMMENT** only those comments that are (top level) elements of the current expression.  Lower expressions are not really seen by the editor; the printing command simply sets PRINTLEVEL and calls PRINT.
PP*  	[Editor Command]
1

Prettyprints current expression, including comments.
PP* is equivalent to PP except that it first resets **COMMENT**FLG to NIL (see ("**COMMENT**FLG" . Variable)).
1

PPV  	[Editor Command]
1

Prettyprints the current expression as a variable, i.e., no special treatment for LAMBDA, COND, SETQ, etc., or for CLISP.
1

PPT  	[Editor Command]
1

Prettyprints the current expression, printing CLISP translations, if any.
1

?=  	[Editor Command]
1

Prints the argument names and corresponding values for the current expression.  Analagous to the ?= break command (("?=" . BreakCommand)).  For example,
*P
(STRPOS "A0???" X N (QUOTE ?) T)
*?=
X = "A0???"
Y = X
START = N
SKIP = (QUOTE ?)
ANCHOR = T
TAIL =
1

The command MAKE (("MAKE" . EditorCommand)) is an imperative form of ?=.  It allows the user to specify a change to the element of the current expression that corresponds to a particular argument name.
All printing functions print to the terminal, regardless of the primary output file.  All use the readtable T.  No printing function ever changes the edit chain.  All record the current edit chain for use by \P (("\P" . EditorCommand)).  All can be aborted with control-E.
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16.5.8  	The R Command
1

(R X Y)  	[Editor Command]
1

Replaces all instances of X by Y in the current expression, e.g., (R CAADR CADAR).  Generates an error if there is not at least one instance.
1

The R command operates in conjunction with the search mechanism of the editor.  The search proceeds as described on ("EditorSearchAlgorithm" . TAG), and X can employ any of the patterns on ("EditPattern" . TAG).  Each time X matches an element of the structure, the element is replaced by (a copy of) Y; each time X matches a tail of the structure, the tail is replaced by (a copy of) Y.
For example, if the current expression is (A (B C) (B . C)),
(R C D) will change it to (A (B D) (B . D)),
(R (... . C) D) will change it to (A (B C) (B . D)),
(R C (D E)) will change it to (A (B (D E)) (B D E)), and
(R (... . NIL) D) will change it to (A (B C . D) (B . C) . D).
If X is an atom or string containing $s (escapes), $s appearing in Y stand for the characters matched by the corresponding $ in X.  For example, (R FOO$ FIE$) means for all atoms or strings that begin with FOO, replace the characters "FOO" by "FIE".  Applied to the list (FOO FOO2 XFOO1), (R FOO$ FIE$) would produce (FIE FIE2 XFOO1), and (R $FOO$ $FIE$) would produce (FIE FIE2 XFIE1).  Similarly, (R $D$ $A$) will change (LIST (CADR X) (CADDR Y)) to (LIST (CAAR X) (CAADR)).  Note that CADDR was not changed to CAAAR, i.e., (R $D$ $A$) does not mean replace every D with A, but replace the first D in every atom or string by A.  If the user wanted to replace every D by A, he could perform (LP (R $D$ $A$)).
The user will be informed of all such $ replacements by a message of the form X->Y, e.g., CADR->CAAR.
If X matches a string, it will be replaced by a string. Note that it does not matter whether X or Y themselves are strings, i.e. (R $D$ $A$), (R "$D$" $A$), (R $D$ "$A$"), and (R "$D$" "$A$") are equivalent.  Note also that X will never match with a number, i.e., (R $1 $2) will not change 11 to 12.
Note that the $ (escape) feature can be used to delete or add characters, as well as replace them.  For example, (R $1 $) will delete the terminating 1's from all literal atoms and strings.  Similarly, if an $ in X does not have a mate in Y, the characters matched by the $ are effectively deleted.  For example, (R $/$ $) will change AND/OR to AND.  There is no similar operation for changing AND/OR to OR, since the first $ in Y always corresponds to the first $ in X, the second $ in Y to the second in X, etc.  Y can also be a list containing $s, e.g., (R $1 (CAR $)) will change FOO1 to (CAR FOO), FIE1 to (CAR FIE).
If X does not contain $s, $ appearing in Y refers to the entire expression matched by X, e.g., (R LONGATOM '$) changes LONGATOM to 'LONGATOM, (R (SETQ X &) (PRINT $)) changes every (SETQ X &) to (PRINT (SETQ X &)).  If X is a pattern containing an $ pattern somewhere within it, the characters matched by the $s are not available, and for the purposes of replacement, the effect is the same as though X did not contain any $s.  For example, if the user types (R (CAR F$) (PRINT $)), the second $ will refer to the entire expression matched by (CAR F$).
Since (R $X$ $Y$) is a frequently used operation for Replacing Characters, the following command is provided:
(RC X Y)  	[Editor Command]
1

Equivalent to (R $X$ $Y$)
1

R and RC change all instances of X to Y.  The commands R1 and RC1 are available for changing just one, (i.e., the first) instance of X to Y.
(R1 X Y)  	[Editor Command]
1

Find the first instance of X and replace it by Y.
1

(RC1 X Y)  	[Editor Command]
1

(R1 $X$ $Y$).
1

In addition, while R and RC only operate within the current expression, R1 and RC1 will continue searching, a la the F command, until they find an instance of x, even if the search carries them beyond the current expression.
(SW N M)  	[Editor Command]
1

Switches the Nth and Mth elements of the current expression.
1

For example, if the current expression is (LIST (CONS (CAR X) (CAR Y)) (CONS (CDR X) (CDR Y))), (SW 2 3) will modify it to be (LIST (CONS (CDR X) (CDR Y)) (CONS (CAR X) (CAR Y))).  The relative order of N and M is not important, i.e., (SW 3 2) and (SW 2 3) are equivalent.
SW uses the generalized NTH command (NTH COM) to find the Nth and Mth elements, a la the BI-BO commands.
Thus in the previous example, (SW CAR CDR) would produce the same result.
(SWAP @1 @2)  	[Editor Command]
1

Like SW except switches the expressions specified by @1 and @2, not the corresponding elements of the current expression, i.e. @1 and @2 can be at different levels in current expression, or one or both be outside of current expression.
1

Thus, using the previous example, (SWAP CAR CDR) would result in (LIST (CONS (CDR X) (CAR Y)) (CONS (CAR X) (CDR Y))).
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16.5.7  	TO and THRU
1

EXTRACT, EMBED, DELETE, REPLACE, and MOVE can be made to operate on several contiguous elements, i.e., a segment of a list, by using in their respective location specifications the TO or THRU command.
(@1 THRU @2)  	[Editor Command]
1

Does a (LC . @1), followed by an UP, and then a (BI 1 @2), thereby grouping the segment into a single element, and finally does a 1, making the final current expression be that element.
1

For example, if the current expression is (A (B (C D) (E) (F G H) I) J K), following (C THRU G), the current expression will be ((C D) (E) (F G H)).
(@1 TO @2)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as THRU except the last element not included, i.e., after the BI, an (RI 1 -2) is performed.
1

If both @1 and @2 are numbers, and @2 is greater than @1, then @2 counts from the beginning of the current expression, the same as @1.  In other words, if the current expression is (A B C D E F G), (3 THRU 5) means (C THRU E) not (C THRU G).  In this case, the corresponding BI command is (BI 1 @2-@1+1).
THRU and TO are not very useful commands by themselves; they are intended to be used in conjunction with EXTRACT, EMBED, DELETE, REPLACE, and MOVE.  After THRU and TO have operated, they set an internal editor flag informing the above commands that the element they are operating on is actually a segment, and that the extra pair of parentheses should be removed when the operation is complete.  Thus:
*P
(PROG (& & ATM IND VAL WORD) (PRIN1 & T) (PRIN1 & T) (SETQ IND &)
(SETQ VAL &) **COMMENT** (SETQQ     user typed control-E

*(MOVE (3 THRU 4) TO BEFORE 7)
*P
(PROG (& & ATM IND VAL WORD) (SETQ IND &) (SETQ VAL &) (PRIN1 & T)
(PRIN1 & T) **COMMENT**     user typed control-E

*
*P
(* FAIL RETURN FROM EDITOR. USER SHOULD NOTE THE VALUES OF SOURCEXPR
AND CURRENTFORM.  CURRENTFORM IS THE LAST FORM IN SOURCEXPR WHICH WILL
HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED, AND IT CAUSED THE ERROR.)
*(DELETE (USER THRU CURR$))
=CURRENTFORM.
*P
(* FAIL RETURN FROM EDITOR.  CURRENTFORM IS     user typed control-E

*
*P
... LP (SELECTO & & & & NIL) (SETQ Y &) OUT (SETQ FLG &) (RETURN Y))
*(MOVE (1 TO OUT) TO N HERE]
*P
... OUT (SETQ FLG &) (RETURN Y) LP (SELECTQ & & & & NIL) (SETQ Y &))
*
*PP
[PROG (RF TEMP1 TEMP2)
   (COND
      ((NOT (MEMB REMARG LISTING))
         (SETQ TEMP1 (ASSOC REMARG NAMEDREMARKS)) **COMMENT**
         (SETQ TEMP2 (CADR TEMP1))
         (GO SKIP))
      (T    **COMMENT**
         (SETQ TEMP1 REMARG)))
   (NCONC1 LISTING REMARG)
   (COND
      ((NOT (SETQ TEMP2 (SASSOC

*(EXTRACT (SETQ THRU CADR) FROM COND)
*P
(PROG (RF TEMP1 TEMP2) (SETQ TEMP1 &) **COMMENT** (SETQ TEMP2 &) (NCONC1 LISTING REMARG) (COND & &     user typed control-E

*
TO and THRU can also be used directly with XTR, because XTR involves a location specification while A, B, :, and MBD do not.  Thus in the previous example, if the current expression had been the COND, e.g., the user had first performed F COND, he could have used (XTR (SETQ THRU CADR)) to perform the extraction.
(@1 TO)  	[Editor Command]
1

(@1 THRU)  	[Editor Command]
1

Both are the same as (@1 THRU -1), i.e., from @1 through the end of the list.
1

Examples:
*P
(VALUE (RPLACA DEPRP &) (RPLACD &) (RPLACA VARSWORD &) (RETURN))
*(MOVE (2 TO) TO N (_ PROG))
*(N (GO VAR))
*P
(VALUE (GO VAR))
*P
(T **COMMENT** (COND &) **COMMENT** (EDITSMASH CL & &) (COND &))
*(-3 (GO REPLACE))
*(MOVE (COND TO) TO N ^ PROG (N REPLACE))
*P
(T **COMMENT** (GO REPLACE))
*\ P
(PROG (&) **COMMENT** (COND & & &) (COND & & &) DELETE (COND & &) REPLACE
(COND &) **COMMENT** (EDITSMASH CL & &) (COND &))
*
*PP
[LAMBDA (CLAUSALA X)
   (PROG (A D)
      (SETQ A CLAUSALA)
  LP  (COND
         ((NULL A)
            (RETURN)))
      (SERCH X A)
      (RUMARK (CDR A))
      (NOTICECL (CAR A))
      (SETQ A (CDR A))
      (GO LP]
*(EXTRACT (SERCH THRU NOT$) FROM PROG)
=NOTICECL
*P
(LAMBDA (CLAUSALA X) (SERCH X A) (RUMARK &) (NOTICECL &))
*(EMBED (SERCH TO) IN (MAP CLAUSALA (FUNCTION (LAMBDA (A) *]
*PP
[LAMBDA (CLAUSALA X)
   (MAP CLAUSALA
        (FUNCTION (LAMBDA (A)
                     (SERCH X A)
                     (RUMARK (CDR A))
                     (NOTICECL (CAR A]
*

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16.5.6  	Commands That Move Parentheses
1

The commands presented in this section permit modification of the list structure itself, as opposed to modifying components thereof.  Their effect can be described as inserting or removing a single left or right parenthesis, or pair of left and right parentheses.  Of course, there will always be the same number of left parentheses as right parentheses in any list structure, since the parentheses are just a notational guide to the structure provided by PRINT.  Thus, no command can insert or remove just one parenthesis, but this is suggestive of what actually happens.
In all six commands, N and M are used to specify an element of a list, usually of the current expression.  In practice, N and M are usually positive or negative integers with the obvious interpretation.  However, all six commands use the generalized NTH command (NTH COM) to find their element(s), so that Nth element means the first element of the tail found by performing (NTH N).  In other words, if the current expression is (LIST (CAR X) (SETQ Y (CONS W Z))), then (BI 2 CONS), (BI X -1), and (BI X Z) all specify the exact same operation.
All six commands generate an error if the element is not found, i.e., the NTH fails.  All are undoable.
(BI N M)  	[Editor Command]
1

"Both In".  Inserts a left parentheses before the Nth element and after the Mth element in the current expression.  Generates an error if the Mth element is not contained in the Nth tail, i.e., the Mth element must be "to the right" of the Nth element.
1

Example:  If the current expression is (A B (C D E) F G), then (BI 2 4) will modify it to be (A (B (C D E) F) G).
(BI N)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (BI N N).
1

Example:  If the current expression is (A B (C D E) F G), then (BI -2) will modify it to be (A B (C D E) (F) G).
(BO N)  	[Editor Command]
1

"Both Out".  Removes both parentheses from the Nth element.  Generates an error if Nth element is not a list.
1

Example: If the current expression is (A B (C D E) F G), then (BO D) will modify it to be (A B C D E F G).
(LI N)  	[Editor Command]
1

"Left In".  Inserts a left parenthesis before the Nth element (and a matching right parenthesis at the end of the current expression), i.e. equivalent to (BI N -1).
1

Example: if the current expression is (A B (C D E) F G), then (LI 2) will modify it to be (A (B (C D E) F G)).
(LO N)  	[Editor Command]
1

"Left Out".  Removes a left parenthesis from the Nth element.  All elements following the Nth element are deleted.  Generates an error if Nth element is not a list.
1

Example: If the current expression is (A B (C D E) F G), then (LO 3) will modify it to be (A B C D E).
(RI N M)  	[Editor Command]
1

"Right In".  Inserts a right parenthesis after the Mth element of the Nth element.  The rest of the Nth element is brought up to the level of the current expression.
1

Example: If the current expression is (A (B C D E) F G), (RI 2 2) will modify it to be (A (B C) D E F G).  Another way of thinking about RI is to read it as "move the right parenthesis at the end of the Nth element in to after its Nth element."
(RO N)  	[Editor Command]
1

"Right Out".  Removes the right parenthesis from the Nth element, moving it to the end of the current expression.  All elements following the Nth element are moved inside of the Nth element.  Generates an error if Nth element is not a list.
1

Example: If the current expression is (A B (C D E) F G), (RO 3) will modify it to be (A B (C D E F G)).  Another way of thinking about RO is to read it as "move the right parenthesis at the end of the Nth element out to the end of the current expression."
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16.5.5  	The MOVE Command
1

The MOVE command allows the user to specify (1) the expression to be moved, (2) the place it is to be moved to, and (3) the operation to be performed there, e.g., insert it before, insert it after, replace, etc.
(MOVE @1 TO COM . @2)  	[Editor Command]
1

(@1 is the segment between MOVE and TO.)  COM is BEFORE, AFTER, or the name of a list command, e.g., :, N, etc.  Performs (LC . @1) (see warning about INSERT, ("INSERT" . EditorCommand)), and obtains the current expression there (or its first element, if it is a tail), which we will call EXPR; MOVE then goes back to the original edit chain, performs (LC . @2) followed by (COM EXPR) (setting an internal flag so EXPR is not copied), then goes back to @1 and deletes EXPR.  The edit chain is not changed.  UNFIND is set to the edit chain after (COM EXPR) was performed.
If @2 specifies a location inside of the expression to be moved, a message is printed and an error is generated, e.g., (MOVE 2 TO AFTER X), where X is contained inside of the second element.
1

For example, if the current expression is (A B C D), (MOVE 2 TO AFTER 4) will make the new current expression be (A C D B).  Note that 4 was executed as of the original edit chain, and that the second element had not yet been removed.
As the following examples taken from actual editing will show, the MOVE command is an extremely versatile and powerful feature of the editor.
*?
(PROG ((L L)) (EDLOC (CDDR C)) (RETURN (CAR L)))
*(MOVE 3 TO : CAR)
*?
(PROG ((L L)) (RETURN (EDLOC (CDDR C))))
*
*P
... (SELECTQ OBJPR & &) (RETURN &) LP2 (COND & &))
*(MOVE 2 TO N 1)
*P
... (SELECTQ OBJPR & & &) LP2 (COND & &))

*
*P
(OR (EQ X LASTAIL) (NOT &) (AND & & &))
*(MOVE 4 TO AFTER (BELOW COND))
*P
(OR (EQ X LASTAIL) (NOT &))
*\ P
... (& &) (AND & & &) (T & &))
*
*P
((NULL X) **COMMENT** (COND & &))
*(-3 (GO NXT]
*(MOVE 4 TO N (_ PROG))
*P
((NULL X) **COMMENT** (GO NXT))
*\ P
(PROG (&) **COMMENT** (COND & & &) (COND & & &) (COND & &))
*(INSERT NXT BEFORE -1)
*P
(PROG (&) **COMMENT** (COND & & &) (COND & & &) NXT (COND & &))
Note that in the last example, the user could have added the PROG label NXT and moved the COND in one operation by performing (MOVE 4 TO N (_ PROG) (N NXT)).  Similarly, in the next example, in the course of specifying @2, the location where the expression was to be moved to, the user also performs a structure modification, via (N (T)), thus creating the structure that will receive the expression being moved.
*P
((CDR &) **COMMENT** (SETQ CL &) (EDITSMASH CL & &))
*MOVE 4 TO N 0 (N (T)) -1]
*P
((CDR &) **COMMENT** (SETQ CL &))
*\ P
*(T (EDITSMASH CL & &))
*
If @2 is NIL, or (HERE), the current position specifies where the operation is to take place.  In this case, UNFIND is set to where the expression that was moved was originally located, i.e., @1. For example:
*P
(TENEX)
*(MOVE ^ F APPLY TO N HERE)
*P
(TENEX (APPLY & &))
*
*P
(PROG (& & & ATM IND VAL) (OR & &)   **COMMENT**   (OR & &)
(PRIN1 & T) (
PRIN1 & T) (SETQ IND       user typed control-E

*(MOVE * TO BEFORE HERE)
*P
(PROG (& & & ATM IND VAL) (OR & &) (OR & &) (PRIN1 &

*P
(T (PRIN1 C-EXP T))
*(MOVE ^ BF PRIN1 TO N HERE)
*P
(T (PRIN1 C-EXP T) (PRIN1 & T))
*
Finally, if @1 is NIL, the MOVE command allows the user to specify where the current expression is to be moved to.  In this case, the edit chain is changed, and is the chain where the current expression was moved to; UNFIND is set to where it was.
*P
(SELECTQ OBJPR (&) (PROGN & &))
*(MOVE TO BEFORE LOOP)
*P
... (SELECTQ OBJPR & &) LOOP (FRPLACA DFPRP &) (FRPLACD DFPRP
&) (SELECTQ       user typed control-E

*

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16.5.4  	Extract and Embed
1

Extraction involves replacing the current expression with one of its subexpressions (from any depth).
(XTR . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Replaces the original current expression with the expression that is current after performing (LCL . @) (see warning about INSERT, ("INSERT" . EditorCommand)).  If the current expression after (LCL . @) is a tail of a higher expression, its first element is used.
If the extracted expression is a list, then after XTR has finished, the current expression will be that list.  If the extracted expression is not a list, the new current expression will be a tail whose first element is that non-list.
1

For example, if the current expression is (COND ((NULL X) (PRINT Y))), (XTR PRINT), or (XTR 2 2) will replace the COND by the PRINT.  The current expression after the XTR would be (PRINT Y).
If the current expression is (COND ((NULL X) Y) (T Z)), then (XTR Y) will replace the COND with Y, even though the current expression after performing (LCL Y) is ... Y).  The current expression after the XTR would be ... Y followed by whatever followed the COND.
If the current expression initially is a tail, extraction works exactly the same as though the current expression were the first element in that tail.  Thus if the current expression is ... (COND ((NULL X) (PRINT Y))) (RETURN Z)), then (XTR PRINT) will replace the COND by the PRINT, leaving (PRINT Y) as the current expression.
The extract command can also incorporate a location specification:
(EXTRACT @1 FROM . @2)  	[Editor Command]
1

Performs (LC . @2) and then (XTR . @1) (see warning about INSERT, ("INSERT" . EditorCommand)).  The current edit chain is not changed, but UNFIND is set to the edit chain after the XTR was performed.
Note:  @1 is the segment between EXTRACT and FROM.
1

For example:  If the current expression is (PRINT (COND ((NULL X) Y) (T Z))) then following (EXTRACT Y FROM COND), the current expression will be (PRINT Y).  (EXTRACT 2 -1 FROM COND), (EXTRACT Y FROM 2), and (EXTRACT 2 -1 FROM 2) will all produce the same result.
While extracting replaces the current expression by a subexpression, embedding replaces the current expression with one containing it as a subexpression.
(MBD E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

MBD substitutes the current expression for all instances of the atom & in E1 ... EM, and replaces the current expression with the result of that substitution.  As with SUBST, a fresh copy is used for each substitution.
If & does not appear in E1 ... EM, the MBD is interpreted as (MBD (E1 ... EM &)).
MBD leaves the edit chain so that the larger expression is the new current expression.
1

Examples:
If the current expression is (PRINT Y), (MBD (COND ((NULL X) &) ((NULL (CAR Y)) & (GO LP)))) would replace (PRINT Y) with (COND ((NULL X) (PRINT Y)) ((NULL (CAR Y)) (PRINT Y) (GO LP))).
If the current expression is (RETURN X), (MBD (PRINT Y) (AND FLG &)) would replace it with the two expressions (PRINT Y) and (AND FLG (RETURN X)) i.e., if the (RETURN X) appeared in the cond clause (T (RETURN X)), after the MBD, the clause would be (T (PRINT Y) (AND FLG (RETURN X))).
If the current expression is (PRINT Y), then (MBD SETQ X) will replace it with (SETQ X (PRINT Y)).  If the current expression is (PRINT Y), (MBD RETURN) will replace it with (RETURN (PRINT Y)).
If the current expression initially is a tail, embedding works exactly the same as though the current expression were the first element in that tail.  Thus if the current expression were ... (PRINT Y) (PRINT Z)), (MBD SETQ X) would replace (PRINT Y) with (SETQ X (PRINT Y)).
The embed command can also incorporate a location specification:
(EMBED @ IN . X)  	[Editor Command]
1

(@ is the segment between EMBED and IN.)  Does (LC . @) and then (MBD . X) (see warning about INSERT, ("INSERT" . EditorCommand)).  Edit chain is not changed, but UNFIND is set to the edit chain after the MBD was performed.
1

Examples: (EMBED PRINT IN SETQ X), (EMBED 3 2 IN RETURN), (EMBED COND 3 1 IN (OR & (NULL X))).
WITH can be used for IN, and SURROUND can be used for EMBED, e.g., (SURROUND NUMBERP WITH (AND & (MINUSP X))).
EDITEMBEDTOKEN  	[Variable]
1

The special atom used in the MBD and EMBED commands is the value of this variable, initially &.
1

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16.5.3  	Form Oriented Editing and the Role of UP
1

The UP that is performed before A, B, and : commands (and therefore in INSERT, CHANGE, REPLACE, and DELETE commands after the location portion of the operation has been performed) makes these operations form-oriented.  For example, if the user types F SETQ, and then DELETE, or simply (DELETE SETQ), he will delete the entire SETQ expression, whereas (DELETE X) if X is a variable, deletes just the variable X.  In both cases, the operation is performed on the corresponding form, and in both cases is probably what the user intended.  Similarly, if the user types (INSERT (RETURN Y) BEFORE SETQ), he means before the SETQ expression, not before the atom SETQ.  A consequent of this procedure is that a pattern of the form (SETQ Y --) can be viewed as simply an elaboration and further refinement of the pattern SETQ.  Thus (INSERT (RETURN Y) BEFORE SETQ) and (INSERT (RETURN Y) BEFORE (SETQ Y --)) perform the same operation (assuming the next SETQ is of the form (SETQ Y --)) and, in fact, this is one of the motivations behind making the current expression after F SETQ, and F (SETQ Y --) be the same.
Note:  There is some ambiguity in (INSERT EXPR AFTER FUNCTIONNAME), as the user might mean make EXPR be the function's first argument.  Similarly, the user cannot write (REPLACE SETQ WITH SETQQ) meaning change the name of the function.  The user must in these cases write (INSERT EXPR AFTER FUNCTIONNAME 1), and (REPLACE SETQ 1 WITH SETQQ).
Occasionally, however, a user may have a data structure in which no special significance or meaning is attached to the position of an atom in a list, as Interlisp attaches to atoms that appear as CAR of a list, versus those appearing elsewhere in a list.  In general, the user may not even know whether a particular atom is at the head of a list or not.  Thus, when he writes (INSERT EXPR BEFORE FOO), he means before the atom FOO, whether or not it is CAR of a list.  By setting the variable UPFINDFLG to NIL (initially T), the user can suppress the implicit UP that follows searches for atoms, and thus achieve the desired effect.  With UPFINDFLG=NIL, following F FOO, for example, the current expression will be the atom FOO.  In this case, the A, B, and : operations will operate with respect to the atom FOO.  If the user intends the operation to refer to the list which FOO heads, he simply uses instead the pattern (FOO --).
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16.5.2  	The A, B, and : Commands
1

In the (N), (N E1 ... EM), and (-N E1 ... EM) commands, the sign of the integer is used to indicate the operation.  As a result, there is no direct way to express insertion after a particular element, (hence the necessity for a separate N command).  Similarly, the user cannot specify deletion or replacement of the Nth element from the end of a list without first converting N to the corresponding positive integer.  Accordingly, we have:
(B E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Inserts E1 ... EM before the current expression.  Equivalent to UP followed by (-1 E1 ... EM).
1

For example, to insert FOO before the last element in the current expression, perform -1 and then (B FOO).
(A E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Inserts E1 ... EM after the current expression.  Equivalent to UP followed by (-2 E1 ... EM) or (N E1 ... EM), whichever is appropriate.
1

(: E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Replaces the current expression by E1 ... EM.  Equivalent to UP followed by (1 E1 ... EM).
1

DELETE  	[Editor Command]
1

(:)  	[Editor Command]
1

Deletes the current expression.
1

DELETE first tries to delete the current expression by performing an UP and then a (1).  This works in most cases.  However, if after performing UP, the new current expression contains only one element, the command (1) will not work.  Therefore, DELETE starts over and performs a BK, followed by UP, followed by (2). For example, if the current expression is (COND ((MEMB X Y)) (T Y)), and the user performs -1, and then DELETE, the BK-UP-(2) method is used, and the new current expression will be ... ((MEMB X Y))).
However, if the next higher expression contains only one element, BK will not work.  So in this case, DELETE performs UP, followed by (: NIL), i.e., it replaces the higher expression by NIL.  For example, if the current expression is (COND ((MEMB X Y)) (T Y)) and the user performs F MEMB and then DELETE, the new current expression will be ... NIL (T Y)) and the original expression would now be (COND NIL (T Y)).  The rationale behind this is that deleting (MEMB X Y) from ((MEMB X Y)) changes a list of one element to a list of no elements, i.e., () or NIL.
If the current expression is a tail, then B, A, :, and DELETE all work exactly the same as though the current expression were the first element in that tail.  Thus if the current expression were ... (PRINT Y) (PRINT Z)), (B (PRINT X)) would insert (PRINT X) before (PRINT Y), leaving the current expression ... (PRINT X) (PRINT Y) (PRINT Z)).
The following forms of the A, B, and : commands incorporate a location specification:
(INSERT E1 ... EM BEFORE . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

(@ is (CDR (MEMBER 'BEFORE COMMAND)))  Similar to (LC .@) followed by (B E1 ... EM).
Warning:  If @ causes an error, the location process does not continue as described on ("EditorLocationSpecification" . TAG).  For example if @=(COND 3) and the next COND does not have a 3rd element, the search stops and the INSERT fails.  Note that the user can always write (LC COND 3) if he intends the search to continue.
1

*P
(PROG (& & X) **COMMENT** (SELECTQ ATM & NIL) (OR & &) (PRIN1 & T)
(PRIN1 & T) (SETQ X & 

*(INSERT LABEL BEFORE PRIN1)
*P
(PROG (& & X) **COMMENT** (SELECTQ ATM & NIL) (OR & &) LABEL
(PRIN1 & T) (      user typed control-E

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Current edit chain is not changed, but UNFIND is set to the edit chain after the B was performed, i.e., \ will make the edit chain be that chain where the insertion was performed.
(INSERT E1 ... EM AFTER . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to INSERT BEFORE except uses A instead of B.
1

(INSERT E1 ... EM FOR . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to INSERT BEFORE except uses : for B.
1

(REPLACE @ BY E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

(REPLACE @ WITH E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Here @ is the segment of the command between REPLACE and WITH.  Same as (INSERT E1 ... EM FOR . @).
Example: (REPLACE COND -1 WITH (T (RETURN L)))
1

(CHANGE @ TO E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as REPLACE WITH.
1

(DELETE . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Does a (LC . @) followed by DELETE (see warning about INSERT, ("INSERT" . EditorCommand)).  The current edit chain is not changed, but UNFIND is set to the edit chain after the DELETE was performed.
Note: the edit chain will be changed if the current expression is no longer a part of the expression being edited, e.g., if the current expression is ... C) and the user performs (DELETE 1), the tail, (C), will have been cut off. Similarly, if the current expression is (CDR Y) and the user performs (REPLACE WITH (CAR X)).
Example: (DELETE -1), (DELETE COND 3)
1

Note: if @ is NIL (i.e., empty), the corresponding operation is performed on the current edit chain.
For example, (REPLACE WITH (CAR X)) is equivalent to (: (CAR X)).  For added readability, HERE is also permitted, e.g., (INSERT (PRINT X) BEFORE HERE) will insert (PRINT X) before the current expression (but not change the edit chain).
Note: @ does not have to specify a location within the current expression, i.e., it is perfectly legal to ascend to INSERT, REPLACE, or DELETE
For example, (INSERT (RETURN) AFTER ^ PROG -1) will go to the top, find the first PROG, and insert a (RETURN) at its end, and not change the current edit chain.
The A, B, and : commands, commands, (and consequently INSERT, REPLACE, and CHANGE), all make special checks in E1 thru EM for expressions of the form (## . COMS).  In this case, the expression used for inserting or replacing is a copy of the current expression after executing COMS, a list of edit commands (the execution of COMS does not change the current edit chain).  For example, (INSERT (## F COND -1 -1) AFTER 3) will make a copy of the last form in the last clause of the next COND, and insert it after the third element of the current expression.  Note that this is not the same as (INSERT F COND -1 (## -1) AFTER 3), which inserts four elements after the third element, namely F, COND, -1, and a copy of the last element in the current expression.

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16.5.1  	Implementation
1

Note: Since all commands that insert, replace, delete or attach structure use the same low level editor functions, the remarks made here are valid for all structure changing commands.
For all replacement, insertion, and attaching at the end of a list, unless the command was typed in directly to the editor, copies of the corresponding structure are used, because of the possibility that the exact same command, (i.e., same list structure) might be used again.  Thus if a program constructs the command (1 (A B C)) e.g., via (LIST 1 FOO), and gives this command to the editor,  the (A B C) used for the replacement will not be EQ to FOO.  The user can circumvent this by using the I command (("I" . EditorCommand)), which computes the structure to be used.  In the above example, the form of the command would be (I 1 FOO), which would replace the first element with the value of FOO itself.
Note:  Some editor commands take as arguments a list of edit commands, e.g., (LP F FOO (1 (CAR FOO))).  In this case, the command (1 (CAR FOO)) is not considered to have been "typed in" even though the LP command itself may have been typed in.  Similarly, commands originating from macros, or commands given to the editor as arguments to EDITF, EDITV, et al, e.g., EDITF(FOO F COND (N --)) are not considered typed in.
The rest of this section is included for applications wherein the editor is used to modify a data structure, and pointers into that data structure are stored elsewhere.  In these cases, the actual mechanics of structure modification must be known in order to predict the effect that various commands may have on these outside pointers.  For example, if the value of FOO is CDR of the current expression, what will the commands (2), (3), (2 X Y Z), (-2 X Y Z), etc. do to FOO?
Deletion of the first element in the current expression is performed by replacing it with the second element and deleting the second element by patching around it.  Deletion of any other element is done by patching around it, i.e., the previous tail is altered.  Thus if FOO is EQ to the current expression which is (A B C D), and FIE is CDR of FOO, after executing the command (1), FOO will be (B C D) (which is EQUAL but not EQ to FIE).  However, under the same initial conditions, after executing (2) FIE will be unchanged, i.e., FIE will still be (B C D) even though the current expression and FOO are now (A C D).
A general solution of the problem isn't possible, as it would require being able to make two lists EQ to each other that were originally different.  Thus if FIE is CDR of the current expression, and FUM is CDDR of the current expression, performing (2) would have to make FIE be EQ to FUM if all subsequent operations were to update both FIE and FUM correctly.
Both replacement and insertion are accomplished by smashing both CAR and CDR of the corresponding tail.  Thus, if FOO were EQ to the current expression, (A B C D), after (1 X Y Z), FOO would be (X Y Z B C D).  Similarly, if FOO were EQ to the current expression, (A B C D), then after (-1 X Y Z), FOO would be (X Y Z A B C D).
The N command is accomplished by smashing the last CDR of the current expression a la NCONC.  Thus if FOO were EQ to any tail of the current expression, after executing an N command, the corresponding expressions would also appear at the end of FOO.
In summary, the only situation in which an edit operation will not change an external pointer occurs when the external pointer is to a proper tail of the data structure, i.e., to CDR of some node in the structure, and the operation is deletion.  If all external pointers are to elements of the structure, i.e., to CAR of some node, or if only insertions, replacements, or attachments are performed, the edit operation will always have the same effect on an external pointer as it does on the current expression.
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16.5  	Commands That Modify Structure
1

The basic structure modification commands in the editor are:
(N) (N>=1)  	[Editor Command]
1

Deletes the corresponding element from the current expression.
1

(N E1 ... EM) (N>=1)  	[Editor Command]
1

Replaces the Nth element in the current expression with E1 ... EM.
1

(-N E1 ... EM) (N>=1)  	[Editor Command]
1

Inserts E1 ... EM before the Nth element in the current expression.
1

(N E1 ... EM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Attaches E1 ... EM at the end of the current expression.
1

As mentioned earlier: all structure modification done by the editor is destructive, i.e., the editor uses RPLACA and RPLACD to physically change the structure it was given.  However, all structure modification is undoable, see UNDO (("UNDO" . EditorCommand)).
All of the above commands generate errors if the current expression is not a list, or in the case of the first three commands, if the list contains fewer than N elements.  In addition, the command (1), i.e., delete the first element, will cause an error if there is only one element, since deleting the first element must be done by replacing it with the second element, and then deleting the second element.  Or, to look at it another way, deleting the first element when there is only one element would require changing a list to an atom (i.e., to NIL) which cannot be done.  However, the command DELETE will work even if there is only one element in the current expression, since it will ascend to a point where it can do the deletion.
If the value of CHANGESARRAY is a hash array, the editor will mark all structures that are changed by doing (PUTHASH STRUCTURE FN CHANGESARRAY), where FN is the name of the function.  The algorithm used for marking is as follows:  (1)  If the expression is inside of another expression already marked as being changed, do nothing.  (2)  If the change is an insertion of or replacement with a list, mark the list as changed.  (3)  If the change is an insertion of or replacement with an atom, or a deletion, mark the parent as changed.
CHANGESARRAY is primarily for use by PRETTYPRINT (("PRETTYPRINT" . Function)).  When the value of CHANGECHAR is non-NIL, PRETTYPRINT, when printing to a file or display terminal, prints CHANGECHAR in the right margin while printing an expression marked as having been changed.  CHANGECHAR is initially |.
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16.4  	Commands That Save and Restore the Edit Chain
1

Several facilities are available for saving the current edit chain and later retrieving it:  MARK, which marks the current chain for future reference, _, which returns to the last mark without destroying it, and __, which returns to the last mark and also erases it.
MARK  	[Editor Command]
1

Adds the current edit chain to the front of the list MARKLST.
1

_  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the new edit chain be (CAR MARKLST).  Generates an error if MARKLST is NIL, i.e., no MARKs have been performed, or all have been erased.
This is an atomic command; do not confuse it with the list command (_ PATTERN).
1

__  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to _ but also erases the last MARK, i.e., performs (SETQ MARKLST (CDR MARKLST)).
1

Note that if the user has two chains marked, and wishes to return to the first chain, he must perform __, which removes the second mark, and then _.  However, the second mark is then no longer accessible.  If the user wants to be able to return to either of two (or more) chains, he can use the following generalized MARK:
(MARK LITATOM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Sets LITATOM to the current edit chain,
1

(\ LITATOM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the current edit chain become the value of LITATOM.
1

If the user did not prepare in advance for returning to a particular edit chain, he may still be able to return to that chain with a single command by using \ or \P.
\  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the edit chain be the value of UNFIND.  Generates an error if UNFIND=NIL.
1

UNFIND is set to the current edit chain by each command that makes a "big jump", i.e., a command that usually performs more than a single ascent or descent, namely ^, _, __, !NX, all commands that involve a search, e.g., F, LC, .., BELOW, et al and \ and \P themselves.  One exception is that UNFIND is not reset when the current edit chain is the top level expression, since this could always be returned to via the ^ command.
For example, if the user types F COND, and then F CAR, \ would take him back to the COND.  Another \ would take him back to the CAR, etc.
\P  	[Editor Command]
1

Restores the edit chain to its state as of the last print operation, i.e., P, ?, or PP.  If the edit chain has not changed since the last printing, \P restores it to its state as of the printing before that one, i.e., two chains are always saved.
1

For example, if the user types P followed by 3 2 1 P, \P will return to the first P, i.e., would be equivalent to 0 0 0.  Another \P would then take him back to the second P, i.e., the user could use \P to flip back and forth between the two edit chains.
Note that if the user had typed P followed by F COND, he could use either \ or \P to return to the P, i.e., the action of \ and \P are independent.
S LITATOM @   	[Editor Command]
1

Sets LITATOM (using SETQ) to the current expression after performing (LC . @).  The edit chain is not changed.
1

Thus (S FOO) will set FOO to the current expression, and (S FOO -1 1) will set FOO to the first element in the last element of the current expression.
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16.3.3  	Location Specification
1

Many of the more sophisticated commands described later in this chapter use a more general method of specifying position called a "location specification."  A location specification is a list of edit commands that are executed in the normal fashion with two exceptions.  First, all commands not recognized by the editor are interpreted as though they had been preceded by F;  normally such commands would cause errors.  For example, the location specification (COND 2 3) specifies the 3rd element in the first clause of the next COND.  Note that the user could always write F COND followed by 2 and 3 for (COND 2 3) if he were not sure whether or not COND was the name of an atomic command.
Secondly, if an error occurs while evaluating one of the commands in the location specification, and the edit chain had been changed, i.e., was not the same as it was at the beginning of that execution of the location specification, the location operation will continue.  In other words, the location operation keeps going unless it reaches a state where it detects that it is "looping", at which point it gives up.  Thus, if (COND 2 3) is being located, and the first clause of the next COND contained only two elements, the execution of the command 3 would cause an error.  The search would then continue by looking for the next COND.  However, if a point were reached where there were no further CONDs, then the first command, COND, would cause the error; the edit chain would not have been changed, and so the entire location operation would fail, and cause an error.
The IF command (("IF" . EditorCommand)) in conjunction with the ## function (("##" . Function)) provide a way of using arbitrary predicates applied to elements in the current expression.  IF and ## will be described in detail later in the chapter, along with examples illustrating their use in location specifications.
Throughout this chapter, the meta-symbol @ is used to denote a location specification.  Thus @ is a list of commands interpreted as described above.  @ can also be atomic, in which case it is interpreted as (LIST @).
(LC . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Provides a way of explicitly invoking the location operation, e.g., (LC COND 2 3) will perform the the search described above.
1

(LCL . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as LC except the search is confined to the current expression, i.e., the edit chain is rebound during the search so that it looks as though the editor were called on just the current expression.  For example, to find a COND containing a RETURN, one might use the location specification (COND (LCL RETURN) \) where the \ would reverse the effects of the LCL command, and make the final current expression be the COND.
1

(2ND . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (LC . @) followed by another (LC . @) except that if the first succeeds and second fails, no change is made to the edit chain.
1

(3ND . @)  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to 2ND.
1

(_ PATTERN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Ascends the edit chain looking for a link which matches PATTERN. In other words, it keeps doing 0's until it gets to a specified point. If PATTERN is atomic, it is matched with the first element of each link, otherwise with the entire link.  If no match is found, an error is generated, and the edit chain is unchanged.
Note:  If PATTERN is of the form (IF EXPRESSION), EXPRESSION is evaluated at each link, and if its value is NIL, or the evaluation causes an error, the ascent continues.  See ("IF" . EditorCommand).
1

For example:
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[PROG NIL
   (COND
      [(NULL (SETQ L (CDR L)))
        (COND
           (FLG (RETURN L]
      ([NULL (CDR (FMEMB (CAR L)
        (CADR L]]
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*(_ COND)
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(COND (& &) (& &))
*
Note that this command differs from BF in that it does not search inside of each link, it simply ascends.  Thus in the above example, F CADR followed by BF COND would find (COND (FLG (RETURN L))), not the higher COND.
(BELOW COM X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Ascends the edit chain looking for a link specified by COM, and stops X links below that (only links that are elements are counted, not tails).  In other words BELOW keeps doing 0's until it gets to a specified point, and then backs off X 0's.
Note that X is evaluated, so one can type (BELOW COM (IPLUS X Y)).
1

(BELOW COM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (BELOW COM 1).
1

For example, (BELOW COND) will cause the COND clause containing the current expression to become the new current expression. Thus if the current expression is as shown above, F CADR followed by (BELOW COND) will make the new expression be ([NULL (CDR (FMEMB (CAR L) (CADR L] (GO LP)), and is therefore equivalent to 0 0 0 0.
The BELOW command is useful for locating a substructure by specifying something it contains.  For example, suppose the user is editing a list of lists, and wants to find a sublist that contains a FOO (at any depth). He simply executes F FOO (BELOW \).
(NEX COM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (BELOW COM) followed by NX.
1

For example, if the user is deep inside of a SELECTQ clause, he can advance to the next clause with (NEX SELECTQ).
NEX  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as (NEX _).
1

The atomic form of NEX is useful if the user will be performing repeated executions of (NEX COM).  By simply MARKing (see ("MARK" . EditorCommand)) the chain corresponding to COM, he can use NEX to step through the sublists.
(NTH COM)  	[Editor Command]
1

Generalized NTH command.  Effectively performs (LCL . COM), followed by (BELOW \), followed by UP.
If the search is unsuccessful, NTH generates an error and the edit chain is not changed.
Note that (NTH NUMBER) is just a special case of (NTH COM), and in fact, no special check is made for COM a number; both commands are executed identically.
1

In other words, NTH locates COM, using a search restricted to the current expression, and then backs up to the current level, where the new current expression is the tail whose first element contains, however deeply, the expression that was the terminus of the location operation.  For example:
*P
(PROG (& &) LP (COND & &) (EDITCOM &) (SETQ UNFIND UF) (RETURN L))
*(NTH UF)
*P
... (SETQ UNFIND UF) (RETURN L))
*
PATTERN .. @   	[Editor Command]
1

E.g., (COND .. RETURN).  Finds a COND that contains a RETURN, at any depth.  Equivalent to (but more efficient than) (F PATTERN N), (LCL . @) followed by (_ PATTERN).
An infix command, ".." is not a meta-symbol, it is the name of the command.  @ is CDDR of the command.  Note that (PATTERN .. @) can also be used directly as an edit pattern as described on ("EditPattern" . TAG), e.g. F (PATTERN .. @).
1

For example, if the current expression is
(PROG NIL [COND ((NULL L) (COND (FLG (RETURN L] --),
then (COND .. RETURN) will make (COND (FLG (RETURN L))) be the current expression.  Note that it is the innermost COND that is found, because this is the first COND encountered when ascending from the RETURN.  In other words, (PATTERN .. @) is not  always equivalent  to (F PATTERN N), followed by (LCL . @) followed by \.
Note that @ is a location specification, not just a pattern.  Thus (RETURN .. COND 2 3)  can be used to find the RETURN which contains a COND whose first clause contains (at least) three elements.  Note also that since @ permits any edit command, the user can write commands of the form (COND .. (RETURN .. COND)), which will locate the first COND that contains a RETURN that contains a COND.

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16.3.2  	Search Commands
1

All of the commands below set LASTAIL for use by UP, set UNFIND for use by \ (("\" . EditorCommand)), and do not change the edit chain or perform any CONSes if they are unsuccessful or aborted.
F PATTERN  	[Editor Command]
1

Actually two commands: the F informs the editor that the next command is to be interpreted as a pattern.  This is the most common and useful form of the find command.  If successful, the edit chain always changes, i.e., F PATTERN means find the next instance of PATTERN.
If (MEMB PATTERN CURRENT-EXPRESSION) is true, F does not proceed with a full recursive search.  If the value of the MEMB is NIL, F invokes the search algorithm described on ("EditorSearchAlgorithm" . TAG).
1

Note that if the current expression is (PROG NIL LP (COND (-- (GO LP1))) ... LP1 ...), then F LP1 will find the PROG label, not the LP1 inside of the GO expression, even though the latter appears first (in print order) in the current expression.  Note that typing 1 (making the atom PROG be the current expression) followed by F LP1 would find the first LP1.
F PATTERN N  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as F PATTERN, i.e., Finds the Next instance of PATTERN, except that the MEMB check of F PATTERN is not performed.
1

F PATTERN T  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to F PATTERN, except that it may succeed without changing the edit chain, and it does not perform the MEMB check.
For example, if the current expression is (COND ...), F COND will look for the next COND, but (F COND T) will "stay here".
1

(F PATTERN N)  	[Editor Command]
1

(N >= 1)  Finds the Nth place that PATTERN matches.  Equivalent to (F PATTERN T) followed by (F PATTERN N) repeated N-1 times.  Each time PATTERN successfully matches, N is decremented by 1, and the search continues, until N reaches 0.  Note that PATTERN does not have to match with N identical expressions; it just has to match N times.  Thus if the current expression is (FOO1 FOO2 FOO3), (F FOO$ 3) will find FOO3.
If PATTERN does not match successfully N times, an error is generated and the edit chain is unchanged (even if PATTERN matched N-1 times).
1

(F PATTERN)  	[Editor Command]
1

F PATTERN NIL  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to F PATTERN, except that it only matches with elements at the top level of the current expression, i.e., the search will not descend into the current expression, nor will it go outside of the current expression.  May succeed without changing the edit chain.
1

For example, if the current expression is (PROG NIL (SETQ X (COND & &)) (COND &) ...), the command F COND will find the COND inside the SETQ, whereas (F (COND --)) will find the top level COND, i.e., the second one.
(FS PATTERN1 ... PATTERNN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Equivalent to F PATTERN1 followed by F PATTERN2 ... followed by F PATTERNN, so that if F PATTERNM fails, the edit chain is left at the place PATTERNM-1 matched.
1

(F= EXPRESSION X)  	[Editor Command]
1

Equivalent to (F (== . EXPRESSION) X), i.e., searches for a structure EQ to EXPRESSION (see ("EditPattern" . TAG)).
1

(ORF PATTERN1 ... PATTERNN)  	[Editor Command]
1

Equivalent to (F (*ANY*PATTERN1 ... PATTERNN) N), i.e., searches for an expression that is matched by either PATTERN1, PATTERN2, ... or PATTERNN (see ("EditPattern" . TAG)).
1

BF PATTERN  	[Editor Command]
1

"Backwards Find".  Searches in reverse print order, beginning with the expression immediately before the current expression (unless the current expression is the top level expression, in which case BF searches the entire expression, in reverse order).
BF uses the same pattern match routine as F, and MAXLEVEL and UPFINDFLG have the same effect, but the searching begins at the end of each list, and descends into each element before attempting to match that element.  If unsuccessful, the search continues with the next previous element, etc., until the front of the list is reached, at which point BF ascends and backs up, etc.
1

For example, if the current expression is
(PROG NIL (SETQ X (SETQ Y (LIST Z))) (COND ((SETQ W --) --)) --),
the command F LIST followed by BF SETQ will leave the current expression as (SETQ Y (LIST Z)), as will F COND followed by BF SETQ.
BF PATTERN T  	[Editor Command]
1

Similar to BF PATTERN, except that the search always includes the current expression, i.e., starts at the end of current expression and works backward, then ascends and backs up, etc.
1

Thus in the previous example, where F COND followed by BF SETQ found (SETQ Y (LIST Z)), F COND followed by (BF SETQ T) would find the (SETQ W --) expression.
(BF PATTERN)  	[Editor Command]
1

BF PATTERN NIL  	[Editor Command]
1

Same as BF PATTERN.
1

(GO LABEL)  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the current expression be the first thing after the PROG label LABEL, i.e. goes where an executed GO would go.
1

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16.3.1  	Search Algorithm
1

Searching begins with the current expression and proceeds in print order.  Searching usually means find the next instance of this pattern, and consequently a match is not attempted that would leave the edit chain unchanged.  At each step, the pattern is matched against the next element in the expression currently being searched, unless the pattern begins with ... (three periods) in which case it is matched against the next tail of the expression.
If the match is not successful, the search operation is recursive first in the CAR direction, and then in the CDR direction, i.e., if the element under examination is a list, the search descends into that list before attempting to match with other elements (or tails) at the same level.  Note:  A find command of the form (F PATTERN NIL) will only attempts matches at the top level of the current expression, i.e., it does not descend into elements, or ascend to higher expressions.
However, at no point is the total recursive depth of the search (sum of number of CARs and CDRs descended into) allowed to exceed the value of the variable MAXLEVEL.  At that point, the search of that element or tail is abandoned, exactly as though the element or tail had been completely searched without finding a match, and the search continues with the element or tail for which the recursive depth is below MAXLEVEL.  This feature is designed to enable the user to search circular list structures (by setting MAXLEVEL small), as well as protecting him from accidentally encountering a circular list structure in the course of normal editing.  MAXLEVEL can also be set to NIL, which is equivalent to infinity.  MAXLEVEL is initially set to 300.
If a successful match is not found in the current expression, the search automatically ascends to the next higher expression, and continues searching there on the next expression after the expression it just finished searching.  If there is none, it ascends again, etc.  This process continues until the entire edit chain has been searched, at which point the search fails, and an error is generated.  If the search fails (or is aborted by control-E), the edit chain is not changed (nor are any CONSes performed).
If the search is successful, i.e., an expression is found that the pattern matches, the edit chain is set to the value it would have had had the user reached that expression via a sequence of integer commands.
If the expression that matched was a list, it will be the final link in the edit chain, i.e., the new current expression.  If the expression that matched is not a list, e.g., is an atom, the current expression will be the tail beginning with that atom, unless the atom is a tail, e.g., B in (A . B).  In this case, the current expression will be B, but will print as ... . B).  In other words, the search effectively does an UP (unless UPFINDFLG=NIL (initially T).  See "Form Oriented Editing", ("FormOrientedEditing" . TAG)).
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16.3  	Commands That Search
1

All of the editor commands that search use the same pattern matching routine (the function EDIT4E, ("EDIT4E" . Function)).  We will therefore begin our discussion of searching by describing the pattern match mechanism.  A pattern PAT matches with X if any of the following conditions are true:
	(1)	If PAT is EQ to X.
	(2)	If PAT is &.
	(3)	If PAT is a number and EQP to X.
	(4)	If PAT is a string and (STREQUAL PAT X) is true.
	(5)	If (CAR PAT) is the atom *ANY*, (CDR PAT) is a list of patterns, and one of the patterns on (CDR PAT) matches X.
	(6)	If PAT is a literal atom or string containing one or more $s (escapes), each $ can match an indefinite number (including 0) of contiguous characters in the atom or string X, e.g., VER$ matches both VERYLONGATOM and "VERYLONGSTRING" as do $LONG$ (but not $LONG), and $V$L$T$.  Note:  the litatom $ (escape) matches only with itself.
	(7)	If PAT is a literal atom or string ending in $$ (escape, escape), PAT matches with the atom or string X if it is "close" to PAT, in the sense used by the spelling corrector (("SpellingCorrector" . TAG)).   E.g. CONSS$$ matches with CONS, CNONC$$ with NCONC or NCONC1.
The pattern matching routine always types a message of the form =MATCHING-ITEM to inform the user of the object matched by a pattern of the above two types, unless EDITQUIETFLG=T.  For example, if VER$ matches VERYLONGATOM, the editor would print =VERYLONGATOM.
	(8)	If (CAR PAT) is the atom --, PAT matches X if (CDR PAT) matches with some tail of X.  For example, (A -- (&)) will match with (A B C (D)), but not (A B C D), or (A B C (D) E).  However, note that (A -- (&) --) will match with (A B C (D) E).  In other words, -- can match any interior segment of a list.
If (CDR PAT)= NIL, i.e., PAT=(--), then it matches any tail of a list.  Therefore, (A --) matches (A), (A B C) and (A . B).
	(9)	If (CAR PAT) is the atom ==, PAT matches X if and only if (CDR PAT) is EQ to X.
This pattern is for use by programs that call the editor as a subroutine, since any non-atomic expression in a command typed in by the user obviously cannot be EQ to already existing structure.
	(10)	If (CADR PAT) is the atom .. (two periods), PAT matches X if (CAR PAT) matches (CAR X) and (CDDR PAT) is contained in X, as described on (".." . EditorCommand).
	(11)	Otherwise if X is a list, PAT matches X if (CAR PAT) matches (CAR X), and (CDR PAT) matches (CDR X).
When the editor is searching, the pattern matching routine is called to match with elements in the structure, unless the pattern begins with ... (three periods), in which case CDR of the pattern is matched against proper tails in the structure.  Thus,
*P
(A B C (B C))
*F (B --)
*P
(B C)
*0 F (... B --)
*P
... B C (B C))
Matching is also attempted with atomic tails (except for NIL).  Thus,
*P
(A (B . C))
*F C
*P
... . C)
Although the current expression is the atom C after the final command, it is printed as ... . C) to alert the user to the fact that C is a tail, not an element.  Note that the pattern C will match with either instance of C in (A C (B . C)), whereas (... . C) will match only the second C.  The pattern NIL will only match with NIL as an element, i.e., it will not match in (A B), even though CDDR of (A B) is NIL.  However, (... . NIL) (or equivalently (...)) may be used to specify a NIL tail, e.g., (... . NIL) will match with CDR of the third subexpression of ((A . B) (C . D) (E)).
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16.2  	Local Attention-Changing Commands
1

This section describes commands that change the current expression (i.e., change the edit chain) thereby "shifting the editor's attention."  These commands depend only on the structure of the edit chain, as compared to the search commands (presented later), which search the contents of the structure.
UP  	[Editor Command]
1

UP modifies the edit chain so that the old current expression (i.e., the one at the time UP was called) is the first element in the new current expression.  If the current expression is the first element in the next higher expression UP simply does a 0.  Otherwise UP adds the corresponding tail to the edit chain.
If a P command would cause the editor to type ...  before typing the current expression, ie., the current expression is a tail of the next higher expression, UP has no effect.
For Example:
*PP
(COND ((NULL X) (RETURN Y)))
*1 P
COND
*UP P
(COND (& &))
*-1 P
((NULL X) (RETURN Y))
*UP P
... ((NULL X) (RETURN Y))
*UP P
... ((NULL X) (RETURN Y)))
*F NULL P
(NULL X)
*UP P
((NULL X) (RETURN Y))
*UP P
... ((NULL X) (RETURN Y)))
1

The execution of UP is straightforward, except in those cases where the current expression appears more than once in the next higher expression. For example, if the current expression is (A NIL B NIL C NIL) and the user performs 4 followed by UP, the current expression should then be ... NIL C NIL).  UP can determine which tail is the correct one because the commands that descend save the last tail on an internal editor variable, LASTAIL.  Thus after the 4 command is executed, LASTAIL is (NIL C NIL).  When UP is called, it first determines if the current expression is a tail of the next higher expression.  If it is, UP is finished.  Otherwise, UP computes (MEMB CURRENT-EXPRESSION NEXT-HIGHER-EXPRESSION) to obtain a tail beginning with the current expression.  The current expression should always be either a tail or an element of the next higher expression.  If it is neither, for example the user has directly (and incorrectly) manipulated the edit chain, UP generates an error.  If there are no other instances of the current expression in the next higher expression, this tail is the correct one.  Otherwise UP uses LASTAIL to select the correct tail.
Occasionally the user can get the edit chain into a state where LASTAIL cannot resolve the ambiguity, for example if there were two non-atomic structures in the same expression that were EQ, and the user descended more than one level into one of them and then tried to come back out using UP.  In this case, UP prints LOCATION UNCERTAIN and generates an error.  Of course, we could have solved this problem completely in our implementation by saving at each descent both elements and tails.  However, this would be a costly solution to a situation that arises infrequently, and when it does, has no detrimental effects.  The LASTAIL solution is cheap and resolves almost all of the ambiguities.
N (N>=1)  	[Editor Command]
1

Adds the Nth element of the current expression to the front of the edit chain, thereby making it be the new current expression.  Sets LASTAIL for use by UP.  Generates an error if the current expression is not a list that contains at least N elements.
1

-N (N>=1)  	[Editor Command]
1

Adds the Nth element from the end of the current expression to the front of the edit chain, thereby making it be the new current expression.  Sets LASTAIL for use by UP.  Generates an error if the current expression is not a list that contains at least N elements.
1

0  	[Editor Command]
1

Sets the edit chain to CDR of the edit chain, thereby making the next higher expression be the new current expression.  Generates an error if there is no higher expression, i.e., CDR of edit chain is NIL.
1

Note that 0 usually corresponds to going back to the next higher left parenthesis, but not always.  For example:
*P
(A B C D E F B)
*3 UP P
... C D E F G)
*3 UP P
... E F G)
*0 P
... C D E F G)
If the intention is to go back to the next higher left parenthesis, regardless of any intervening tails, the command !0 can be used.
!0  	[Editor Command]
1

Does repeated 0's until it reaches a point where the current expression is not a tail of the next higher expression, i.e., always goes back to the next higher left parenthesis.
1

^  	[Editor Command]
1

Sets the edit chain to LAST of edit chain, thereby making the top level expression be the current expression.  Never generates an error.
1

NX  	[Editor Command]
1

Effectively does an UP followed by a 2, thereby making the current expression be the next expression.  Generates an error if the current expression is the last one in a list.  (However, !NX described below will handle this case.)
1

BK  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the current expression be the previous expression in the next higher expression.  Generates an error if the current expression is the first expression in a list.
For example,
*PP
(COND ((NULL X) (RETURN Y)))
*F RETURN P
(RETURN Y)
*BK P
(NULL X)
1

Both NX and BK operate by performing a !0 followed by an appropriate number, i.e., there won't be an extra tail above the new current expression, as there would be if NX operated by performing an UP followed by a 2.
(NX N)  	[Editor Command]
1

(N >= 1)  Equivalent to N NX commands, except if an error occurs, the edit chain is not changed.
1

(BK N)  	[Editor Command]
1

(N >= 1)  Equivalent to N BK commands, except if an error occurs, the edit chain is not changed.
1

Note:  (NX -N) is equivalent to (BK N), and vice versa.
!NX  	[Editor Command]
1

Makes the current expression be the next expression at a higher level, i.e., goes through any number of right parentheses to get to the next expression.  For example:
*PP
(PROG ((L L)
       (UF L))
  LP  (COND
         ((NULL (SETQ L (CDR L)))
            (ERROR!))
         ([NULL (CDR (FMEMB (CAR L) (CADR L]
            (GO LP)))
      (EDITCOM (QUOTE NX))
      (SETQ UNFIND UF)
      (RETURN L))
*F CDR P
(CDR L)
*NX

NX   ?
*!NX P
(ERROR!)
*!NX P
((NULL &) (GO LP))
*!NX P
(EDITCOM (QUOTE NX))
*
1

!NX operates by doing 0's until it reaches a stage where the current expression is not the last expression in the next higher expression, and then does a NX.  Thus !NX always goes through at least one unmatched right parenthesis, and the new current expression is always on a different level, i.e., !NX and NX always produce different results.  For example using the previous current expression:
*F CAR P
(CAR L)
*!NX P
(GO LP)
*\P P
(CAR L)
*NX P
(CADR L)
*
(NTH N)  	[Editor Command]
1

(N ~= 0)  Equivalent to N followed by UP, i.e., causes the list starting with the Nth element of the current expression (or Nth from the end if N < 0) to become the current expression.  Causes an error if current expression does not have at least N elements.
(NTH 1) is a no-op, as is (NTH -L) where L is the length of the current expression.
1

line-feed  	[Editor Command]
1

Moves to the "next" expression and prints it, i.e. performs a NX if possible, otherwise performs a !NX.  (The latter case is indcated by first printing ">".)
1

Control-X  	[Editor Command]
1

Control-X moves to the "previous" thing and then prints it, i.e. performs a BK if possible, otherwise a !0 followed by a BK.
1

Control-Z  	[Editor Command]
1

Control-Z moves to the last expression and prints it, i.e. does -1 followed by P.
1

Line-feed, control-X, and control-Z are implemented as immediate read macros;  as soon as they are read, they abort the current printout.  They thus provide a convenient way of moving around in the editor.  In order to facilitate using different control characters for those macros, the function SETTERMCHARS is provided (see ("SETTERMCHARS" . Function)).
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16.1.8  	DEdit Parameters
1

There are several global variables that can be used to affect various aspects of DEdit's operation.  Although most have been alluded to above, they are summarized here for reference.
EDITEMBEDTOKEN  	[Variable]
1

Initially &.  Used in both DEdit and the teletype editor to indicate the special atom used as the "embed token".
1

DEditLinger  	[Variable]
1

Initially T.  The default behavior of the topmost DEdit window is to remain active on the screen when exited.  This is occasionally inconvenient for programs that call DEdit directly, so it can be made to close automatically when exited by setting this variable to NIL.
1

DEDITTYPEINCOMS  	[Variable]
1

Defines the control characters recognized as commands during DEdit typein.  The elements of this list are of the form (LETTER COMMANDNAME FN), where LETTER is the alphabetic corresponding to the control character desired (e.g., A for control-A), COMMANDNAME is a litatom used both as a prompt and internal tag, and FN is a function applied to the expressions typed as arguments to the command.  See the current value of DEDITTYPEINCOMS for examples.  DEDITTYPEINCOMS is only accessed when DEdit is initialized, so DEdit should be reinitialized with RESETDEDIT (("RESETDEDIT" . Function)) if it is changed.
1

DT.EDITMACROS  	[Variable]
1

Defines the behavior of the Edit command when invoked on a form that is not a list or litatom, thus telling DEdit how to edit instances of certain datatypes.  DT.EDITMACROS is an association list keyed by datatype name; entries are of the form (DATATYPE MAKESOURCEFN INSTALLEDITFN).  When told to Edit an object of type DATATYPE, DEdit calls MAKESOURCEFN with the object as its argument.  MAKESOURCEFN can either do the editing itself, in which case it should return NIL, or it should "destructure" the object into an editable list and return that list.  In the latter case, DEdit is then invoked recursively on the list; when that edit is finished, DEdit calls INSTALLEDITFN with two arguments, the original object and the edited list.  If INSTALLEDITFN causes an error, the recursive Dedit is invoked again, and the process repeats until the user either exits the lower editor with STOP, or exits with an expression that INSTALLEDITFN accepts.
1

For example, suppose the user has a datatype declared by (DATATYPE FOO (NAME AGE SEX)).  To make instances of FOO editable, an entry (FOO DESTRUCTUREFOO INSTALLFOO) is added to DT.EDITMACROS, where the functions are defined by
(DESTRUCTUREFOO (OBJECT)
  (LIST (fetch NAME of OBJECT)
        (fetch AGE of OBJECT)
        (fetch SEX of OBJECT)))
(INSTALLFOO (OBJECT CONTENTS)
  (if (EQLENGTH CONTENTS 3)
    then (replace NAME of OBJECT with (CAR CONTENTS))
         (replace AGE of OBJECT with (CADR CONTENTS))
         (replace SEX of OBJECT with (CADDR CONTENTS))
    else (ERROR "Wrong number of fields for FOO" CONTENTS)))

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16.1.7  	DEdit Idioms
1

As with any interactive system, there are certain common idioms on which experienced users depend heavily.  Not only is discovering the idioms of a new system tiresome, but in places the designer may have assumed familiarity with one or more of them, so not knowing them can make life quite unbearable.  In the case of DEdit, many of these idioms concern easy ways to achieve the effects of specific commands from the Edit system, with which many users are already familiar.  The DEdit idioms described below are the result of the experience of the early users of the system and are by no means exhaustive.  In addition to those that each user will develop to fit his or her own particular style, there are many more to be discovered and you are encouraged to share your discoveries.
Because of the novel argument specification technique (postfix; target first) many of the DEdit idioms are very simple, but opaque until one has absorbed the "target-source-command" way of looking at the world.  Thus, one selects where typein is to go before touching the keyboard.  After typing, the target will be selected second and the typein selected on top, so that an After, Before or Replace will have the desired effect.  If the order is switched, the command will try to change the typein (which may or may not succeed), or will require tiresome Swapping or reselection.  Although this discipline seems strange at first, it comes easily with practice.
Segment selection and manipulation are handled in DEdit by first making them into a sublist, so they can be handled in the usual way.  Thus, if one wants to remove the three elements between A and E in the list (A B C D E), one selects B, then D (either order), then makes them into a sublist with the "()" command (pronounced "both in").  This will leave the sublist (B C D) selected, so a subsequent Delete will remove it.  This can be issued as a single "(); Delete" command using multiple command selection, as described above, in which case the intermediate state of (A (B C D) E) will not show on the screen.
Inserting a segment proceeds in a similar fashion.  Once the location of the insertion is selected, the segment to be inserted is typed as a list (if it is a list of atoms, they can be typed without parentheses and the READ will make them into a list, as one would expect).  Then, the command sequence "After (or Before or Replace); () out" (given either as a multiple command or as two separate commands) will insert the typein and splice it in by removing its parentheses.
Moving an expression to another place in the structure being edited is easily accomplished by a delete followed by an insert.  Select the location where the moved expression is to go to; select the expression to be moved; then give the command sequence "Delete; After (or Before or Replace)".  The expression will first be deleted into the edit buffer where it will remain selected.  The subsequent insertion will insert it back into the structure at the selected location.
Embedding and extracting are done with the Replace command.  Extraction is simply a special case of replacing something with a subpiece of itself: select the thing to be replaced; select the subpart that is to replace it; Replace.  Embedding also uses Replace, in conjunction with the "embed token" (the value of EDITEMBEDTOKEN, initially the single character atom &).  Thus, to embed some expression in a PROG, select the expression; type "(PROG VARSLST &)"; Replace. 
Switch can also be used to generate a whole variety of complex moves and embeds.  For example, switching an expression with typein not only replaces that expression with the typein, but provides a copy of the expression in the buffer, from where it can be edited or moved to somewhere else.  
Finally, one can exploit the stack structure on selections to queue multiple arguments for a sequence of commands.  Thus, to replace several expressions by one common replacement, select each of the expressions to be replaced (any number), then the replacing expression.  Now hit the Replace command as many times as there are replacements to be done.  Each Replace will pop one selection off the stack, leaving the most recently replaced expression selected.  As the latter is now a copy of the original source, the next Replace will have the desired effect, and so on.
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16.1.6  	Multiple Commands
1

It is occasionally useful to be able to give several commands at once - either because one thinks of them as a unit or because the intervening reprettyprinting is distracting.  The stack architecture of DEdit makes such multiple commands easy to construct - one just pushes whatever arguments are required for the complete suite of commands one has in mind.  Multiple commands are specified by holding down the CONTROL key during command selection.  As long as the CONTROL key is down, commands selected will not be executed, but merely saved on a list.  Finally, when a command is selected without the CONTROL key down, the command sequence is terminated with that command being the last one in the sequence.
One rarely constructs long sequences of commands in this fashion, because the feedback of being able to inspect the intermediate results is usually worthwhile.  Typically, just two or three step idioms are composed in this fashion.  Some common examples are given in the next section.
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16.1.5  	DEdit Commands
1

A DEdit command is invoked by selecting an item from the edit command menu.  This can be done either directly, using the LEFT mouse button in the usual way, or by selecting a subcommand.  Subcommands are less frequently used commands than those on the main edit command menu and are grouped together in submenus "under" the command on the main menu to which they are most closely related.  For example, the teletype editor defines six commands for adding and removing parentheses (defined in terms of transformations on the underlying list structure).  Of these six commands, only two (inserting and removing parentheses as a pair) are commonly used, so DEdit provides the other four as subcommands of the common two.  The subcommands of a command are accessed by selecting the command from the commands menu with the MIDDLE button.  This will bring up a menu of the subcommand options from which a choice can be made.  Subcommands are flagged in the list below with the name of the top level command of which they are options.
If one has a large DEdit window, or several DEdit windows active at once, the edit command window may be far away from the area of the screen in which one is operating.  To solve this problem, the DEdit command window is a "snuggle up" menu.  Whenever the TAB key is depressed, the command window will move over to the current cursor position and stay there as long as either the TAB key remains down or the cursor is in the command window.  Thus, one can "pull" the command window over, slide the cursor into it and then release the TAB key (or not) while one makes a command selection in the normal way.  This eliminates a great deal of mouse movement.
Whenever a change is made, the prettyprinter reprints until the printing stablizes.  As the standard pretty print algorithm is used and as it leaves no information behind on how it makes its choices, this is a somewhat heuristic process.  The Reprint command can be used to tidy the result up if it is not, in fact, "pretty".
All commands take their operands from the selection stack, and may push a result back on.  In general, the rule is to select target selections first and source selections second.  Thus, a Replace command is done by selecting the thing to be replaced, selecting (or typing) the new material, and then buttoning the Replace command in the command menu.  Using TOP to denote the topmost (most recent) element of the stack and NXT the second element, the DEdit commands are:
After  	[DEdit Command]
1

Inserts a copy of TOP after NXT.
1

Before  	[DEdit Command]
1

Inserts a copy of TOP before NXT.
1

Delete  	[DEdit Command]
1

Deletes TOP from the structure being edited.  (A copy of) TOP remains on the stack and will appear, selected, in the edit buffer.
1

Replace  	[DEdit Command]
1

Replaces NXT with a copy of TOP obtained by substituting a copy of NXT wherever the value of the atom EDITEMBEDTOKEN (initially, the & character) appears in TOP.  This provides a facility like the MBD edit command (("MBD" . EditorCommand)), see Idioms below.
1

Switch  	[DEdit Command]
1

Exchanges TOP and NXT in the structure being edited.
1

()  	[DEdit Command]
1

Puts parentheses around TOP and NXT (which can, of course, be the same element).
1

( in  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of ().  Inserts ( before TOP (like the LI Edit command, ("LI" . EditorCommand))
1

) in  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of ().  Inserts ) after TOP (like the RI Edit command, ("RI" . EditorCommand))
1

() out  	[DEdit Command]
1

Removes parentheses from TOP.
1

( out  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of () out.  Removes ( from before TOP (like the LO Edit command, ("LO" . EditorCommand))
1

) out  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of () out.  Removes ) from after TOP (like the RO Edit command, ("RO" . EditorCommand))
1

Undo  	[DEdit Command]
1

Undoes last command.
1

!Undo  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of Undo.  Undoes all changes since the start of this call on DEdit.  This command can be undone.
1

?Undo  	[DEdit Command]
1

&Undo  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommands of Undo.  Allows selective undoing of other than the last command.  Both of these commands bring up a menu of all the commands issued during this call on DEdit.  When the user selects an item from this menu, the corresponding command (and if &Undo, all commands since that point) will be undone.
1

Find  	[DEdit Command]
1

Selects, in place of TOP, the first place after TOP which matches NXT.  Uses the Edit subsystem's search routine, so supports the full wildcarding conventions of Edit.
1

Swap  	[DEdit Command]
1

Exchanges TOP and NXT on the stack, i.e. the stack is changed, the structure being edited isn't.
1

The following set of commands are grouped together as subcommands of Swap because they all affect the stack and the selections, rather than the structure being edited.
Center  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of Swap.  Scrolls until TOP is visible in its window.
1

Clear  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of Swap.  Discards all selections (i.e., "clears" the stack).
1

Copy  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of Swap.  Puts a copy of TOP into the edit buffer and makes it the new TOP.
1

Pop  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommand of Swap.  Pops TOP off the selection stack.
1

Reprint  	[DEdit Command]
1

Reprints TOP.
1

Edit  	[DEdit Command]
1

Runs DEdit on the definition of the atom TOP (or CAR of list TOP).  Uses TYPESOF to determine what definitions exist for TOP and, if there is more than one, asks the user, via menu, which one to use.  If TOP is defined and is a non-list, calls INSPECT on that value.  Edit also has a variety of subcommands which allow choice of editor (DEdit, TTYEdit, etc.) and whether to invoke that editor on the definition of TOP or the form itself.
Note: DEdit caches each subordinate edit window in the window from which it was entered, for as long as the higher window is active.  Thus, multiple DEdit commands do not incur the cost of repeatedly allocating a new window.
1

EditCom  	[DEdit Command]
1

Allows one to run arbitrary Edit commands on the structure being DEdited (there are far too many of these for them all to appear on the main menu).  TOP should be an Edit command, which will be applied to NXT as the current Edit expression. On return to DEdit, the (possibly changed) current Edit expression will be selected as the new TOP.  Thus, selecting some expression, typing (R FOO BAZ), and buttoning EditCom will cause FOO to be replaced with BAZ in the expression selected.
In addition, a variety of common Edit commands are available as subcommands of EditCom.  Currently, these include ?=, GETD, CL, DW, REPACK, CAP, LOWER, and RAISE.
1

Break  	[DEdit Command]
1

Does a BREAKIN AROUND the current expression TOP.  (See ("BREAKIN" . Function).)
1

Eval  	[DEdit Command]
1

Evaluates TOP, whose value is pushed onto the stack in place of TOP, and which will therefore appear, selected, in the edit buffer.
1

Exit  	[DEdit Command]
1

Exits from DEdit (equivalent to Edit OK, ("OK" . EditorCommand)).
1

OK  	[DEdit Command]
1

Stop  	[DEdit Command]
1

Subcommands of Exit.  OK exits without an error; STOP exits with an error.  Equivalent to the Edit commands with the same names.
1

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16.1.4  	Copy-Selection
1

Often, significant pieces of what one wishes to type can be found in an active DEdit window.  To aid in transferring the keystrokes that these objects represent into the typein buffer, DEdit supports copy-selection.  Whenever a selection is made in the DEdit window with either shift key down (or the COPY key on the Xerox 1108), the selection made is not pushed on the selection stack, but is instead unread into the keyboard input (and hence shows up in the typein buffer).  A characteristically different highlighting is used to indicate when copy selection (as opposed to normal selection) is taking place.
Note that copy-selection remains active even when DEdit is not.  Thus one can unread particularly choice pieces of text from DEdit windows into the typescript window.
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16.1.3  	Typing Characters to DEdit
1

Characters may be typed at the keyboard at any time.  This will create a type-in buffer window which will position itself under the current DEdit window and do a LISPXREAD (which must be terminated by a right parenthesis or a return) from the keyboard.  During the read, any character editing subsystem (such as TTYIN) that is loaded can be used to do character level editing on the typein.  When the read is complete, the typein will become the current selection (top of stack) and be available as an operand for the next command.  Once the read is complete, objects displayed in the type-in buffer can be selected from, scrolled, or even edited, just like those in the main window.
One can also give some editing commands directly into the typein buffer.  Typing control-Z will interpret the rest of the line as a teletype editor command which will be interpreted when the line is closed.  Likewise, "control-S OLD NEW" will substitute NEW for OLD and "control-F X" will find the next occurrence of X.  
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16.1.2  	Selecting Objects and Lists
1

Selection in a DEdit window is as follows: the LEFT button selects the object being directly pointed at; the MIDDLE button selects the containing list; and the RIGHT button extends the current selection to the lowest common ancestor of that selection and the current position.  The only things that may be pointed at are atomic objects (literal atoms, numbers, etc) and parentheses, which are considered to represent the list they delimit.  White space is not selectable or editable.
When a selection is made, it is pushed on a selection stack which will be the source of operands for DEdit commands.  As each new selection pushes down the selections made before it, this stack can grow arbitrarily deep, so only the top two selections on the stack are highlighted on the screen.   This highlighting is done by underscoring the topmost (most recent) selection with a solid black line and the second topmost selection with a dashed line.  The patterns used were chosen so that their overlappings would be both visible and distinct, since selecting a sub-part of another selection is quite common.  For example, in the picture below, the last selection is the list (FACT (SUB1 X)), and the previous selection is the single litatom SUB1:


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16.1.1  	Calling DEdit
1

DEdit is normally called using the following functions:
(DF FN NEW?)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Calls DEdit on the definition of the function FN.  DF handles exceptional cases (the function is broken or advised, the expr definition is on the property list, the function needs to be loaded from a file, etc.) the same as EDITF (see ("EDITF" . Function)).
If DF is called on a name with no function definition, the user is prompted with "No FNS defn for FN.  Do you wish to edit a dummy defn?".  If the user confirms by typing Yes, a "blank" definition (stored on the variable DUMMY-EDIT-FUNCTION-BODY) is displayed in the Dedit window.  If any changes are made, on exit from the editor, the definition will be installed as the name's function definition.  Exiting the editor with the STOP command will prevent any changes to the function definition.
If DF is called with a second arg of NEW, as in (DF FNNAME NEW), a blank definition will be edited whether the function already has a definition or not.
1

(DV VAR)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Calls DEdit on the value of the variable VAR.
1

(DP NAME PROP)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Calls DEdit on the property PROP of the atom NAME.  If PROP is not given, the whole property list of NAME is edited.
1

(DC FILE)  	[NLambda NoSpread Function]
1

Calls DEdit on the file package commands (or filecoms, see ("filecoms" . TERM)) for the file FILE.
1

When DEdit is called for the first time, it prompts for an edit window, which is preserved and reused for later DEdits, and pretty prints the expression to be edited therein.  (Note: The DEdit pretty printer ignores user PRETTYPRINTMACROS because they do not provide enough structural information during printing to enable selection.)  The expression being edited can be scrolled by using a standard Interlisp-D scroll bar on the left edge of the window.  DEdit adds an edit command menu, which remains active throughout the edit, on the right edge of the edit window.  If anything is typed by the user, an "edit buffer" window is positioned below the edit window.  Below is a picture of a Dedit window, displaying the function definition for FACT:


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While Dedit is running, it yields control so that background activities, such as mouse commands in other windows, continue to be performed.
(RESETDEDIT)  	[Function]
1

Completely reinitializes DEdit.  Closes all DEdit windows, so that the user must specify the window the next time DEdit is envoked.  RESETDEDIT is also used to make DEdit recognize the new values of variables such as DEDITTYPEINCOMS (("DEDITTYPEINCOMS" . Variable)), when the user changes them.
1

DEdit is normally installed as the default editor for all editing operations, including those invoked by other subsystems, such as the Programmer's Assistant and Masterscope.  DEdit provides functions EF, EV and EP (analogous to the corresponding Dx functions) for conveniently accessing the teletype editor from within a DEdit context, e.g. from under a call to DEdit or if DEdit is installed as the default editor.
The default editor may be set with EDITMODE:
(EDITMODE NEWMODE)  	[Function]
1

If NEWMODE is non-NIL, sets the default editor to be DEdit (if NEWMODE is DISPLAY), or the teletype editor (if NEWMODE is TELETYPE).  Returns the previous setting.
1

DEdit operates by providing an alternative, plug-compatible definition of EDITL (DEDITL).  The normal user entries operate by redefining EDITL and then calling the corresponding teletype editor function (i.e., DF calls EDITF etc).  Thus, the normal teletype editor file package, spelling correction, etc. behavior is obtained.
If teletype editor commands are specified in a call to DEDITL (e.g., in calls to the editor from Masterscope), DEDITL will pass those commands to EDITL, after having placed a TTY: entry on EDITMACROS which will cause DEdit to be invoked if any interaction with the user is called for.  In this way, automatic edits can be made completely under program control, yet DEdit's interactive interface is available for direct user interaction.
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16.1  	DEdit
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DEdit is a structure oriented, modeless, display based editor for objects represented as list structures, such as functions, property lists, data values, etc.  DEdit is an integral part of the standard Interlisp-D environment.
DEdit is designed to be the user's primary editor for programs and data.  To that end, it has incorporated the interfaces of the (older) teletype oriented Interlisp editor so the two can be used interchangeably.  In addition, the full power of the teletype editor, and indeed the full Interlisp system itself, is easily accessible from within DEdit.
DEdit is structure, rather than character, oriented to facilitate selecting and operating on pieces of structure as objects in their own right, rather than as collections of characters.  However, for the occasional situation when character oriented editing is appropriate, DEdit provides access to the Interlisp-D text editing facilities.  DEdit is modeless, in that all commands operate on previously selected arguments, rather than causing the behavior of the interface to change during argument specification.
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16.	LIST STRUCTURE EDITOR
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Many important objects such as function definitions, property lists, and variable values are represented as list structures.  The Interlisp-D environment includes a list structure editor to allow the user to rapidly and conveniently modify list structures.
The list structure editor is most often used to edit function definitions.  Editing function definitions "in core" is a facility not offered by many lisp systems, where typically the user edits external text files containing function definitions, and then loads them into the environment.  In Interlisp, function definitions are edited in the environment, and written to an external file using the file package (("File package" . TERM)), which provides a complex set of tools for managing function definitions.
Early implementations of Interlisp using primitive terminals offered a teletype-oriented editor, which included a large set of cryptic commands for printing different parts of a list structure, searching a list, replacing elements, etc.  Interlisp-D includes an extended, display-oriented version of the teletype list structure editor, called DEdit.  The teletype editor is still available, as it offers a facility for doing complex modifications of program structure under program control.  For example, BREAKIN (("BREAKIN" . Function)) calls the teletype editor to insert a function break within the body of a function.  DEdit also provides facilities for using the complex teletype editor commands from within DEdit.  By calling the function EDITMODE (("EDITMODE" . Function)) it is possible to set the "default editor" (TELETYPE or DISPLAY) called by Masterscope, the break package, etc.
This chapter documents both DEdit and the teletype list structure editor (sometimes referred to as "Edit").  The first part documents DEdit, the most commonly used editor of the two.  Then, there are a large number of sections describing the commands of the older teletype editor.  Most users will only need to reference the DEdit documentation.
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