.xgp .font 0 25vg .font 1 25fr .c 1 used for examples of TJ6 input .font 2 25vmic .c 2 used for examples of tj6 output .font 3 25vri .c 3 used for italics .font 4 40vshd .c 4 used for title page .squish .sinch 8.5,6.5,11,9,1.25 .sidm 50 .dummy  .sterm | .hyphen .insrt tj6;tj6mem title .spage .php1 .page .sblock 3 .adjust .spsp .he1 TJ6 Text Justifier .he2 Contents .rtw 15 .insrt tj6;tj6mem conten .rtw -15 .chap 1 .he2 Introduction .pa .sect Introduction TJ6 is a compiler which translates a sloppy input manuscript into a neat output document. It can justify and fill text; automatically number pages and figures; control page format and indentation; underline, super and subscript; print a table of contents; and do a few other strange things. TJ6 tries to be a fast, simple program which meets most documenting needs, rather than a large, complicated, relatively slow program like PUB, which tries to meet all documenting needs. In order to achieve speed, small size, and simplicity, TJ6 has naturally sacrificed the potential for many of PUB's capabilities. TJ6 does not have: columnar output, macros, footnotes, indices, block structure, conditional commands, or arithmetic or string calculations. This memo tries to be both a reference manual and a user's manual. Towards the first end, this document is intended to be complete, even to the point of describing some of TJ6's inner workings. Towards the second end, this memo describes things in a manner which an experienced programmer might think too simple or verbose. This is intended to be useful to someone who has no programming or TJ6 experience. (If that description fits you, first have a look at section 20, Sample Input.) .sect Conventions This memo also includes examples of the use of most commands, which should be a help not only to the novice, but to someone trying to find a mysterious bug in his TJ6 program. Text which appears in .crbr .un -4 1fixed width roman type0 is an example of input text. Text which appears in .un -4 2microgramma type0 is an example of output text. An underbar in examples of input text denotes a space, e.g., .un -4 1foo_0 means "1foo 0". .crsp .chap .he2 Commands .pa .sect Commands TJ6 input is divided into text and command lines. Command lines are lines which start with a period. (Except that the line after SPREAD, HEADER, HE1, and HE2 is always interpreted as text even if it starts with a period.) The name of the command is the word following the period. .crbr Text lines: .in 4 EXAMPLE 1This is a text line. .This is also a text line. .un 4 0Command lines: 1.INDENT 5 .GUN0 .crsp .in 0 END EXAMPLE (Even though there's no such command as GUN, the second line is still a command line because it starts with a period.) Only the first six letters of the command name are significant. Any extra stuff on command lines will be ignored. Some characters: , , ,  , , , , , , and  have special meaning in text lines. (They are dealt with in section 16, In-text Character Commands.) Many commands are followed by an argument, which will be denoted below by: .spbr a decimal integer; a standard ITS file name like "DSK:TJ6;TJ6 ORDER"; any ASCII character; an integer or a psuedo floating point number, with up to three places to the right of the decimal, e.g., 5, 6., 7.089. .spsp .br Any other argument abbreviations should be read in context. Many commands which have no explicit inverse have the inverted effect if given the argument of 0. Many commands have abbreviations. These are listed on the line following the command. Each command is described as follows: .of 9 Long form .br B indicates this command causes a break. (Text will not be filled across it.) .br Z indicates command can be inverted with an argument of 0. .un 8 abbreviation(s) .un 1 Description .sp .in 0 .in 0 .he2 Page Format .chap .pa .sect Page Format 0These commands control which area of the page text may appear in, and where the heading appears. (See section 10, Headings.) Commands which give additional control within the defined text area (such as by indenting) are covered in section 8, Horizontal Margins. .nf  PW   TW  paper PL text TL     .center Page and text size parameters .adjust Whenever one of these parameters is changed, TJ6 readjusts the margins so that the proportional size of left to right margin and top to bottom margin stays the same. (Those proportions can be changed with the SIDM and TOPM commands.) All of these commands also move the heading. .sp .sect .of 8 PL B .br Set paper length to lines. .sp .sect .un 8 PLINCH B .br Like PL but argument in inches. .sp .sect .un 8 PW B .br Set paper width to "spacing units". .sp .sect .un 8 PWINCH B .br Like PW, but argument in inches. .sp .sect .un 8 TL B .br Set the text length to lines. .sp .sect .un 8 TLINCH B .br Like TL, but argument in inches. .sp .sect .un 8 TW B .br Set text width to "spacing units". (See section 7, Spaces and Tabs.) (A spacing unit is usually the largest character in FONT 0.) .sp .sect .un 8 TWINCH B .br Like TW but argument in inches. For example, .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.TWINCH 3.5 "If the past were permitted to weigh on its conscience, every nation would be compelled to commit hara-kiri."0 .un -4 is output as: .block 3 .crsp .in 0 .rtw 26 2"If the past were permitted to weigh on its conscience, every nation would be compelled to commit hara-kiri."0 .rtw -26 .in 8 END EXAMPLE Note how the percentage of margin on each side is kept constant. .sp .sect .un 8 SINCH B .br Set PWINCH, TWINCH, PLINCH, TLINCH, and left margin in inches, respectively to , , , , and . (All the arguments are decimal.) This memo was produced with a .in 4 EXAMPLE 1.SINCH 8.5,6.5,11,9,10 .in 8 END EXAMPLE The default for the XGP is SINCH 8.5,6,11,8,1.25. (When not using the XGP, the defaults are: PW 85, TW 73, PL 66, and TL 50. For a typewriter with a character width of 1/10 inch and line height of 1/6 inch, this works out to SINCH 8.5,7.3,11,8.333,0.6.) .sp .sect .un 8 TOPM B .br Make the top margin percent of the total. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.PLINCH 11 .TLINCH 9 .TOPM 600 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE will make the top margin 1.2 inches (60 percent of 11-9) and the bottom margin 0.8 inches. .sp .sect .un 8 SIDM B .br Make left margin percent of the available margin space. The setting of SIDM, normally 50%, effects the appearance of lines whose size has been change by TW, TWINCH, or RTW. SIDM is kept constant through changes in TW. .in 0 .chap .he2 Filling, Adjusting, Centering, Aligning .pa .sect Filling, Adjusting, Centering, and Aligning This section deals with the basic "justification" operations of TJ6--the commands which make the output neat, even though the input is ragged. ADJUST and FILL also affect the treatment of punctuation marks and redundant spaces in the input text. This is described in section 12, Periods and Punctuation. .sect .of 8 ADJUST B .un 7 AD .br Adjust the output text. (Align its left and right edges by inserting spaces within the line.) For example, the input text, .crbr .in 4 EXAMPLE 1.ADJUST "Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds: both India and Japan seem to be spiritually sicker, more estranged from a living faith than the West. They are at opposite ends of the Asian spectrum, whose centre is occupied by the vastness of China, one of the world's oldest cultures; yet it proved even less resistant against the impact of a materialistic ideology."0 .un -4 is output as: .crsp 2"Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds: both India and Japan seem to be spiritually sicker, more estranged from a living faith than the West. They are at opposite ends of the Asian spectrum, whose centre is occupied by the vastness of China, one of the world's oldest cultures; yet it proved even less resistant against the impact of a materialistic ideology."0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 FILL B .un 7 FI .br Approximately align right margin by not printing a word which would go beyond it. (The default mode.) With .FILL instead of .ADJUST, the previous example becomes: .in 4 EXAMPLE .FILL .spcomp 2"Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds: both India and Japan seem to be spiritually sicker, more estranged from a living faith than the West. They are at opposite ends of the Asian spectrum, whose centre is occupied by the vastness of China, one of the world's oldest cultures; yet it proved even less resistant against the impact of a materialistic ideology."0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .ad .sp .sect .un 8 Filling vs. Adjusting .br There is some argument as to whether filled or adjusted text looks better. While the even right margin of adjusted text can be easier on the eye, there are some problems which can be introduced by the addition of space in the middle of the line. Typically, all the adjusting is done by putting additional spaces between words. This can cause "rivers", where several adjacent lines have extra space in about the same column. This problem is especially bad with short lines, as in newspaper columns. TJ6 tries to avoid rivers by trying to put space between letters before putting space between words. TJ6 figures out how much space has to be inserted to adjust the line to the right margin; puts as much space as possible between letters, while keeping the space between letters equal; and then puts the remainder of the space between words. This can lead to another problem -- the intercharacter space is large compared to the interword space. The MIT Press is avoiding these problems by making many publications filled, not adjusted. .sp .sect .un 8 NOFILL B .un 7 NF .br Don't fill text. (This is not the equivalent of PUB's VERBATIM. NOFILL simply causes TJ6 to begin a new output line for every new input line.) Tabs and leading spaces in NOFILL and FILL modes occupy the same amount of space. (See section 7, Spaces and Tabs.) A NOFILL line which sticks out past the right margin will generate an error message, but will be printed anyway. .sp .sect .un 8 NVRADJ BZ .br Never adjust. Ignore future adjust commands. .sp .sect .un 8 CENTER B .un 7 CE .br Center the very next input line. .in 4 EXAMPLE .block 3 1.CENTER .br Winnie the Pooh0 .CENTER 2Winnie the Pooh0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 RIGHT B .un 7 RI .br Right justify the next input line. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr .block 3 1.RIGHT Winnie the Pooh0 .crsp .RIGHT 2Winnie the Pooh0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 SPREAD B .br The next line is three strings, the first will be left justified, the second centered, and the third right-justified. The strings are separated by a separator defined as the very first character on the next line. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr .block 3 1.SPREAD /Winnie/the/Pooh/ .crsp .SPREAD /2Winnie/the/Pooh0/ .in 0 END EXAMPLE .chap .in 0 .he2 Breaking .pa .sect Breaking When TJ6 is filling or adjusting, it runs together lines of input text in the output. This section deals with what causes TJ6 to break, i.e., to begin a new output line. TJ6 reads characters into an internal buffer untill it finds a word boundary which sticks past the right margin. Then it goes back through the buffer untill it finds a word boundary which doesn't stick past the margin. The output text is broken at that word boundary. A word boundary can be: .in 8 .nf a space; a carriage return line feed; a hypen; a hidden hypen. (See HYPCHR below.) .un 8 In addition, the user may cause the output text to be broken by: a breaking command (one which is followed by a B in this memo); a blank line or lines; a line with leading spaces and/or tabs; the BREAK command. .ad .sp .sect .un 8 HYPHEN Z .br Don't allow - to break a line. For example, the following text will ordinarily be broken at the hyphen in "Lao-Tse": .hyphen 0 .in 4 EXAMPLE 2"The nation which held fast for ... millenia to the teachingofConfucius,Lao-TseandtheBuddha,succumbed to the atheistic doctrine formulated by the son of a German lawyer, and has become the most accomplished robot state this side of science fiction."0 .in 8 When preceded, by a .HYPHEN, the text will be broken at the space preceeding the hyphen. .in 4 .BR .HYPHEN 2"The nation which held fast for ... millenia to the teaching of Confucius, Lao-TseandtheBuddha,succumbed to the atheistic doctrine formulated by the son of a German lawyer, and has become the most accomplished robot state this side of science fiction."0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 HYPCHR B .br Define the "hidden hyphen" character which will not be printed unless used to break a word, in which case it will be printed as -. This can be used as a super-stupid syllabification, or in a special case when there is an extraordinarily long word, which, when broken at the word boundary, looks awful. HYPCHR with no argument turns off the current HYPCHR. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr .block 3 1.HYPCHR  TolooktoAsiaformysticenlightenmentandspiritual guidancehasbecomeasmuchofananachronismastothinkof AmericaastheWildWest.0 .crsp .HYPCHR  2To look to Asia for mystic enlightenment and spiritual guidance hasbecomeasmuchofananachronismastothinkof AmericaastheWildWest.0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 BREAK B .un 7 BR .br Don't fill input text across this command. .block 5 .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Don't fill text .BREAK across the BREAK command.0 .crsp .ad 2Don't fill text .BREAK across the BREAK command.0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 CRBR B .br Make every carriage return cause a break. (Opposite of CRSP.) This command can be used as a sort of compromise between FILL and NOFILL mode, where lines are filled, (or adjusted) but every time you begin a new input line, TJ6 begins a new output line. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.TWINCH 2.5 .CRBR This memo, TJ6 Text Justifier, is divided into the following sections: Introduction, Commands, Page Format, etc. .sinch 8.5,2.5,11,9,1 2This memo, TJ6 Text Justifier, is divided in the following sections: .BR Introduction, Commands, Page Format, etc.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sinch 8.5,6.5,11,9,1 .sp .sect .un 8 CRSP .br When not in NOFILL mode, carriage returns cause spaces, instead of breaks. (The default. Opposite of CRBR.) .sp .sect .un 8 SPBR B .br Leading spaces or tabs (see section 7, Spaces and Tabs), cause a break. (The default. Opposite of SPSP.) Tabs and spaces that cause breaks will appear in the output text. (They will not be compacted by SPCOMP. See section 12, Periods and Punctuation.) .sp .sect .un 8 SPSP .br Opposite of SPBR. This command is useful for allowing text which will be indented in the output to also be indented in the input, without worrying about where that text will be broken. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.SPSP As Arthur Koestler has remarked, .INDENT 4 .rin 4 "Asians have a tendency to lay the blame for this decline on the soul-destroying influence of the West, and Western intellectuals are inclined to accept the blame." .rin -4 .crsp .SPSP 2As Arthur Koestler has remarked, .rin 4 "Asians have a tendency to lay the blame for this decline on the soul-destroying influence of the West, and Western intellectuals are inclined to accept the blame."0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp SPSP works this way because the leading spaces in the indented lines are compacted in ADJUST mode. To do this in FILL mode use the SPCOMP command. (See section 12, Periods and Punctuation.) .in 0 .chap .he2 Blank Lines .pa .sect Blank Lines This section deals with how to leave extra spacing (blank lines) in a page. Extra spacing can be left with the commands described, or by leaving blank lines in the input text. TJ6 is not as clever about blank input lines as it is about the SPACE command. Consecutive blank input lines may be split across a page boundary in the output. When in NOFILL mode, blank input lines appear as blank output lines. This is the default condition in FILL or ADJUST mode, but may be turned off and on with CRCOMP and CRRETA. .sect .of 8 SINGLE B .un 7 SS .br Single space the output text. (The default spacing.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.SINGLE These two lines are single spaced. 2These two lines are single spaced.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 DOUBLE B .un 7 DS .br Double space output text. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.DOUBLE These two lines are double spaced.0 .DOUBLE 2These two lines are .ss double spaced.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE SINGLE and DOUBLE take effect when the next line is output, not immediately. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1These .DOUBLE four .SINGLE little lines. 2These .DOUBLE four .SINGLE little lines.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 SPACE B .un 7 SP .br Insert contiguous blank lines in the output text. (When DOUBLE spacing, leave 2* blank lines.) (If not enough space at end of page, does a PAGE. SPACE is slightly cleverer than blank lines in the input text, in that SPACE 1 is ignored at the top of page.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .block 7 .crbr 1Blank .SPACE Line0 2Blank .SPACE Line0 .block 10 .un -4 But when double spacing, 1.DOUBLE Blank .SPACE Line2 Blank .DOUBLE .SPACE .ss Line0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE (Compare this with the next example.) .sp .sect .un 8 ASP B .br Absolute space. Just like SPACE, but inserts blank lines in the output text regardless of whether one is SINGLE or DOUBLE spacing. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr .block 7 1.DOUBLE Blank .ASP Line2 .DOUBLE Blank .ASP .ss Line0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .ad (Compare this with the previous example.) .sp .sect .un 8 FIGURE .br Leave contiguous blank lines at the next available break. If there is room on the current output page, leave blank lines at the next break; if no room on the current output page, at the top of the next page. (The argument is an absolute number of lines and is not affected by SINGLE or DOUBLE spacing.) FIGURE is really iterative, i.e., if there is not space at the top of the next output page, (due to an earlier FIGURE), leave space at the top of the next available page. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1This command .FIGURE 3 causes three consecutive blank lines to be left somewhere, without interrupting the output stream at the command.0 .crsp .block 6 2This command .FIGURE 3 causes three consecutive blank lines to be left somewhere, without interrupting the output stream at the command.0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE Another way of leaving room for illustrations is with the BLOCK command. (See section 9, Pagination.) .sp .sect .un 8 FINCH .br Like FIGURE, but argument in inches. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Just as in the previous example, .FINCH 0.5 there should be a one half inch figure somewhere in the middle of this line.0 .crsp 2Just as in the previous example, .FINCH 0.5 there should be a one half inch figure somewhere in the middle of this line.0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 CRRETA B .br Retain redundant carriage returns. (The default. Opposite of CRCOMP.) .block 8 .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.CRETA Blank Line 2Blank Line0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE (Compare this with the next example.) .sp .sect .un 8 CRCOMP B .br When not in NOFILL mode, compact redundant carriage returns. (Opposite of CRRETA.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .block 8 .crbr 1.CRCOMP Blank Line0 .ad .crsp .CRCOMP .un -4 prints as: .br 2Blank Line0 .crreta .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE The total effect of carriage returns is determined not only by CRRETA and CRCOMP, but also by CRBR and CRSP. (See section 5, Breaking.) .tabfnt 2 THE TABFNT IS 2 FOR THIS SECTION .chap .he2 Spaces and Tabs .in 0 .adjust .pa .sect Leading Spaces and Tabstops When using variable width fonts, TJ6 goes to some extra trouble in order to: .in 8 .un 2 1) Make things which are aligned with tabs in TECO also align in TJ6; .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.NOFILL 123456789 iiiiiitabstop WWWWWWtabstop0 .nf 2123456789 iiiiii tabstop WWWWWW tabstop0 .ad .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE There is a tab after the i's and W's, so the word "tabstop" is aligned in both input and output. .un 2 2) Make spaces at the beginning of a line equivalent to INDENT . .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1_One leading space is the same as .INDENT 1 indenting one. 2_One leading space is the same as .un -1 indenting one.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .un 2 3) and since in TECO and ITS generally, there is a tabstop every 8 spaces, TJ6 makes INDENT equivalent to tabs; .sp To accomplish this, the size of a space at the beginning of a line; the size of indentation units; and the size of the TW and PW unit, referred to as the "spacing unit", will not necessarily be equal to the size of a space in any font. (In particular, note that the size of a leading space is usually different from the size of a space in the middle of a line. The former is a spacing unit, the latter is a space in the appropriate font.) Compare .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 2______six leading spaces with six imbedded spaces.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp Leading spaces and tabs are tabs which appear at the beginning of a line with no other characters before them on the line. A line with in-text characters preceeding spaces does not have leading spaces, e.g., .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1_This line has a leading space.  This line does not. 2_This line has a leading space. This line does not.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp The default size of the spacing unit is the size of the widest character in FONT 0. In the 2microgramma0 font, 2W0 is the widest character, so if FONT 0 is 25VMIC, 2W0 is the spacing unit. Then, .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 2_One leading space is the same width as 1.INDENT 12 .rin 1 indenting one, and also the same width as a .rin -1 W.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp A tab stop is equal to 8 spacing units. (Of course, if font 0 is fixed width, the spacing unit is identical to a FONT 0 space, and a tab equals eight spaces.) Leading tabs and spaces are all printed in spacing units. The following commands all use the spacing unit as the unit of their argument: INDENT, UNDENT, OF, RINDEN, RTW, PW, and TW. (PW and TW actually are internally translated to TWINCH and PWINCH, so that changing the size of the spacing unit will not change the text width or paper width.) .sp The default is chosen on the assumption that all the characters to the left of tabstops are in FONT 0. If this is not true, you should probably use: .sp .sect .un 8 TABFNT .br where is the only or largest font which will always be to the left of tabs, or =-1 if any font can be to the left of tabs. Make the spacing unit the largest character in FONT , or if =-1, make the spacing unit the largest character in all fonts. The default is TABFNT 0. For example, the largest character in both 25VMIC and 25VG is W, but in 25VMIC it's 28 XGP dots wide, while in 25VG it's 23 wide. .in 4 EXAMPLE .block 8 .crbr 1.FONT 0 25VG .FONT 2 25VMIC .TABFNT 2 Tab in 25VMIC .TABFNT 0 Tab in 25VG .crsp .nf .in 0 .twinch 5.38 UGH!! bad interaction of width change with indents or RTW set .c old width=28 Old IN 4 indented by 4*28=112 dots so text width .c must change by 112/100 inch new TW = 6.5-1.12=5.38 2 Tab in 25VMIC .TABFNT 0 0 Tab in 25VG .TABFNT 2 .adjust .twinch 6.5 .sp .in 0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sect .un 8 SPW .br Set the size of the spacing unit to XGP dots. For example, in 25FR, all characters are 17 XGP dots wide. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 2WWWWW _A leading space is normally 28 dots wide, but with 1.SPW 17 1_2it's 17 dots wide. WWWWW0 .ad .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp One of the results of all this is that if the TABFNT is variable width, tabstops will be much larger than expected, and there will be a gross difference between leading and imbedded spaces. (Look at the previous examples.) The spacing unit with 25VMIC is 100% larger than with 25FGB. The large spacing unit size is necessary to guarantee alignment of tabstops. If there can be 7 microgramma 2W0's to the left of a tabstop, than a tab obviously in the worst case should be 8 2W0's wide. Most of the time, you won't have the worst case (all wide characters within a tabstop), and you can get away with a SPW 16 (width of 25FG). This will result in indentations and tabs whose size is intuitively more expected. .br .tabfnt 0 .in 0 .chap .he2 Horizontal Margins .pa .section Horizontal Margins This section deals with changing the margins of text within the area declared by the page format commands (PW and TW). .sp .sect .of 8 INDENT B .un 7 IN .br Indent the text left margin by "spacing units". (See section 7, Spaces and Tabs.) .in 4 .crbr 1.INDENT 2 Indents two spaces. .un -2 2Indents two spaces.0 .crsp .in 8 .sp .sect .un 8 RINDEN B .un 7 RIN .br Increment the indentation by . may be negative. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.RINDEN 1 Indent one. .RINDEN 1 Indent one more. .RINDEN 1 2Indent one. .RINDEN 1 Indent one more.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 UNDENT B .un 7 UN .br Start the next line "spacing units" left of the current INDENTation. You may not UNDENT past the left margin. Undent should appear immediately before the line to be UNDENTed. (See INDENT and section 7, Spaces and Tabs.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Cox's lecture begins, .UNDENT -8 "To understand our labor laws one must first understand the genius of our labor movement." 2Cox's lecture begins, .crsp .UNDENT -8 "To understand our labor laws one must first understand the genius of our labor movement."0 .ad .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 OF B .br Increase the indentation by after the next line is output. (Just like .un -8 .RIN .un -8 .UN .) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.OF 4 "Although negotiation carries its own compulsions, few 'voluntary' agreements are executed in the absence of economic power." .crsp .ad .of 4 2"Although negotiation carries its own compulsions, few 'voluntary' agreements are executed in the absence of economic power."0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 RLINE B .un 7 RTW .br Decrease the text width by without affecting where the header is printed. This command is really a way of simultaneously indenting both left and right margin. The amount of additional indentation which will appear on either side is determined by SIDM. (See section 3, Page Format.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .fi .spcomp 1"The only functions of law, it is thought, are: .br .RTW 4 .br (1) to protect the formation of unions, so that employees may exert sufficient bargaining power to solve the problems of workers in an industrial society; and .br .BREAK .br (2) to provide the framework for negotiations between the employer and employees..." .ad 2"The only functions of law, it is thought, are: .RTW 4 (1) to protect the formation of unions, so that employees may exert sufficient bargaining power to solve the problems of workers in an industrial society; and .BREAK (2) to provide the framework for negotiations between the empoyer and employees..."0 .RTW -4 .ad .in 8 END EXAMPLE Note that is the total increment to the indentation of both sides. Since, in this memo, SIDM is 50, the total indentation of 4 is divided equally into 2 for the left margin and 2 for the right. .in 0 .chap .he2 Pagination .pa .sect Pagination This section deals with forcing TJ6 to start a new output page, and with the page number which appears in the heading. (Also see section 10, Headings.) The page number is normally an integer, but can be made into a "decimal", consisting of . through the CHAP command. The first output page is page number 1. .sect .of 8 PAGE B .un 7 PA .br Start a new output page and increment page number by . If no argument increment by one. Note that there is a difference between PAGE and n PAGEs. The former starts a new page with a number higher than the current page, while the latter actually prints n-1 blank pages. .sp .sect .un 8 BLOCK B .br If there is not room for lines of text on this page, begin a new output page. BLOCK takes into account whether you are SINGLE or DOUBLE spacing. I.E., BLOCK n when DOUBLE spacing leaves twice as much space as when SINGLE spacing. .sp .sect .un 8 ABLOCK B .br If there are less than lines left on this page, begin a new output page. ABLOCK does not take into account SINGLE or DOUBLE spacing. ABLOCK is useful as a substitute for FIGURE, when you want a diagram to appear at that spot in the text, e.g., .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.ABLOCK 3 .SPACE 30 .ablock 3 .space 3 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE (The ABLOCK prevents the SPACE from being split by a page boundary.) .sp .sect .un 8 SPAGE .br Set page number at the next page break to . (A page break is when TJ6 has too much text to put on a page, or a new page is forced by a PAGE, BLOCK, or other command.) (SPAGE with no argument makes the next page number one.) .sp .sect .un 8 EPAGE .un 7 EP .br Increment the page number by at the next page boundary. .sp .sect .un 8 PD B .br Odd page force. Do a PAGE, and if the next page number would not be odd, do an EPAGE to make it odd. .sp .sect .un 8 PV B .br Even page force. Works like PD. .sp .sect .un 8 CHAP B .br Does an SPAGE 1, and if 0, causes to be printed before page number in headings (see section 10, Headings). If there is no argument, the chapter number is incremented. This page was started with: .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.CHAP 9 .PAGE Pagination0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .in 0 .chap .he2 Headings .pa .sect Headings This section deals with headings -- where and when they are printed. The default TJ6 heading is "PAGE " followed by the page number, all printed in font 0 (see section 14, XGP), and appearing one line from the top of the page, aligned with the right margin (set by TW, TWINCH, etc.) The heading is not normally printed on the first page (page 1). Even though TJ6 has a default heading, it's a good idea to always define a heading line, as this gives TJ6 an accurate idea of the heading width. (The width is calculated when the heading is defined, but is only roughly estimated for the deafult heading, since TJ6 doesn't know in advance what font 0 will look like. Therefore, headings should always be defined after the fonts are given.) .sect .of 8 HEADER B .un 7 HEADIN .un 7 HE .br The very next input line will be printed by TJ6 as the heading, followed immediately by the page number. (TJ6 won't insert a space between the HEADER and the page number, so make sure that you do.) In-text character commands (see section 16) can appear as input in HEADER lines. For instance, .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.HEADER Important memo_0 .un -4 is output as: .ri 2Important memo 17760 .un -4 but, without the final space 1.HEADER Important memo0 .ri 2Important memo17760 .crsp .ad .in 8 END EXAMPLE Another common mistake is to try to put a command line between the HEADER command line and the header. The very next line after .HEADER will be intrepreted as the desired heading. .sp .sect .un 8 HE1 B .br Make the header a SPREAD line with the page number in the middle, and the very next input line on the left. The center field of the heading is the page number, and the right field is defined with HE2. This memo's heading was generated with .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.HE1 TJ6 Text Justifier0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 HE2 B .br Make the header a SPREAD line with the page number in the middle, and the very next input line on the right. This section of the memo starts with .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.CHAP 10 .HE2 Headings .PAGE0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE Note the interaction between HE1 and HE2. The begin underline () at the start of the HE1 field is finished with an end underline () at the end of the HE2 field, so that the whole heading, including page number, is underscored. .sp .sect .un 8 NOHEAD BZ .br Don't print a heading line. (NOHEAD 0 turns it back on.) .sp .sect .un 8 PHP1 Z .br Print header on page one. (The default is no heading on page 1 -- PHP1 0.) .sp .sect .un 8 THESIS B .br Print the header inside of the text margins, instead of 2 lines from the top of the page. (Make header appear where the first text line normally would appear.) .sp .sect .un 8 HEADPW BZ .block 3 Align header with full page width (set by PW rather that TW). For instance, the heading on this page would be .in 4 EXAMPLE 1.HEADPW0 .twinch 8.5 .spread /TJ6 Text Justifier/10.2/Headings/ .twinch 6.5 .ad .in 8 END EXAMPLE .in 0 .chap .he2 Sections and Table of Contents .pa .section Sections and Table of Contents This section deals with TJ6's cheap table of contents feature, and some commands affecting it. Since TJ6 is a one-pass compiler, the user has to run TJ6 twice to get a finished table of contents. (Two-pass compilers like PUB don't have this problem.) The first time, TJ6 is run with the /C switch. (See section 17, Console Operation.) On that run, TJ6 outputs a file, suitable for TJ6 input, which contains section titles and page numbers. When TJ6 is run on that file, a neat looking table of contents will result. The source file for this memo is TJ6;TJ6MEM >. The DDT command line .un -4 1:TJ6 TJ6MEM /C0 .br results in the file TJ6;TJ6MEM CONTEN, which looks like this: .in 4 .crbr 1.C TJ6-generated Contents .Spread /Introduction//1.1/ .Spread /Conventions//1.1/ .Spread /Commands//2.1/ .Spread /Page Format//3.1/ .Spread /PL B//3.1/0 etc. .crsp .in 0 When fed back to TJ6, TJ6MEM CONTEN results in the table of contents for this memo. (Actually, TJ6MEM > inserts the file TJ6MEM CONTEN, as well as the file TJ6MEM INDEX, which is merely the CONTEN file modified with a simple TECO alphabetizing command.) .sp .sect .of 8 SECTIO B .un 7 SECT .br The next output line is a section title which will be used when TJ6 outputs a table of contents. (See /C.) SECT also does a BLOCK 2, so that the section title and first line will not appear on seperate pages. (See SBLOCK.) This paragraph of this memo starts with .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.sect .of 8 SECTIO B0 .un -4 The appropriate line in the CONTENts file is 1.Spread /SECTIO B//11.1/0 .un -4 which finally appears in the table of contents (page 2) as .in 0 .rtw 15 .spread /SECTIO B//11.1/ .rtw -15 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 SBLOCK .br Set the size of the .BLOCK implied by .SECT to . (The default is SBLOCK 2, so that a section title and the first line of the section will appear on the same page.) .sp .sect .un 8 STERM .br Set the .SPREAD separator used by TJ6 in writing a table of contents. This command is useful when a / must appear in the section title. For instance .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.STERM | .SECTIO /C0 .un -4 appears in the CONTENts file as 1.Spread |/C||17.1|0 .block 4 .un -4 but without the .STERM |, would appear as 1//C//17.1/ .un -4 0which would print as .ce 2C0 .crsp .ad .in 8 END EXAMPLE .in 0 .chap .he2 Periods and Punctuation .pa .sect Periods and Punctuation The handling of periods and punctuation is one area in which TJ6 tries harder and has more hair than PUB. When adjusting, TJ6 tries to put two spaces after each of the following characters at the end of a sentence or clause: ., ?, !, :, and ;. When justifying, TJ6 will also try to add space at the end of a sentence before adding space between words. .rtw 2 TJ6's algorithm for determining whether one of . ? ! : ; ends a clause or sentence is, given the following character sequence, with . standing for all the punctuation characters: .ce 1AB.CD0, the . is the end of a clause or sentence if C is a carriage return or line feed; otherwise, .crbr this is not the end of a clause or sentence if: B is a number; or B is a letter and A is a space, tab, one of .?!:;; or C is not a space, tab, carriage return or line feed, or one of )]"'; or C is one or more of )]"' and D is not a space, tab, carriage return, or line feed. .crsp In cases like 11AB.)0, the two spaces and justifying spaces are inserted after the 1)0. TJ6 will determine that the following do end clauses: .in 4 .crbr .fi 1End. End; "End." ("End.") End"]) .ad 2End. End; "End." ("End.") End"])0 .un 2 and the following do not: .fi 1No.end 1.414 !n. J. Cohen .no no!)))o .ad 2No.end 1.414 !n. J. Cohen .no no!)))o0, .un 2 but beware .fi 1Mr. Cohen .ad 2Mr. Cohen0 .crsp .in 2 which TJ6 thinks is the end of a sentence. .rtw -2 When in ADJUST mode, TJ6 removes any extra spaces between words in order to make it easier to decide where to put in justifying spaces. Therefore, in adjust mode, the following all have the same affect as one space: tab, tabs, spaces, or combinations thereof. .in 4 1One spaceTwoTab .br 2One space Two Tab.0 .in 0 .sp .sect .of 8 PERIOD , B .br Turns off special treatment of if =0, else turns it on. can be any of .?!:; PERIOD with no arguments turns off special treatment of all of .!?:; When special treatment is turned off, TJ6 will no longer try to insert two spaces after that character. .sp .sect .un 8 HALFAD B .br Fill the text (see FILL), but flush more than 1 space or tab in a row (SRCOMP), and insert two spaces after any .!?:; which ends a clause or sentence. This is a fill mode for people who are sloppy with punctuation. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr .fi 1.HALFAD See the perceptron! Run, perceptron, run! Both previous sentences have only one space at the end. .HALFAD .crsp 2See the perceptron! Run, perceptron, run! Both previous sentences have only one space at the end.0 .ad .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 SPCOMP .br When not in NOFILL mode, compact redundant spaces. ADJUST and HALFAD do an automatic SPCOMP. Spaces or tabs which cause breaks will not be compacted. (Opposite of SPRETA.) .sp .sect .un 8 SPRETA .br Retain redundant spaces. NOFILL and FILL do an automatic SPRETA. (Opposite of SPCOMP.) .in 0 .chap .he2 File Commands .pa .sect File Commands 0These commands give TJ6 the means to access other files. The VERSE command and  (see section 16, In-text Character Commands) allow for insertion of file names. .sect .of 8 INSRT .br Insert into the current input file. INSRTs may not be nested more than 7 deep. The source file for this memo is TJ6;TJ6MEM >, which contains all sections but Contents, Error Messages, and Index, which are inserted with .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.INSRT TJ6;TJ6MEM CONTEN .INSRT TJ6;ERROR > .INSRT TJ6;TJ6MEM INDEX0 .crsp .IN 8 .sp .sect .un 8 APPEND .un 7 AP .br Append file to the input file here. .sp .sect .un 8 END B .br Ignore the rest of this file. (A file need not end with this command. END is useful when there is stuff at the end of the file that one doesn't want printed. This is useful for putting comments at the end of a file.) .in 4 .crbr 1... which proves all the points set forth in this thesis. .END Not by a long shot!!! 2... which proves all the points set forth in this thesis.0 .crsp .in 8 .sp .sect .un 8 VERSE .br Insert into the current TJ6 version number into the input stream. (This is mostly useful as a command for debugging TJ6.) .in 4 .crbr 1This memo was produced using .VERSE .crsp 2This memo was produced using .VERSE .in 8 0(The TJ6 source file is stored on the TJ6 directory. The portion of VERSE before the period is the file name of the source. The number after the period represents the number of patches which have been made (number of bugs killed) since last reassembling. The impure binary is on the SYSBIN directory, and the pure binary on the SYS directory.) .in 0 .in 0 .chap .he2 XGP Commands .pa .sect XGP If you intend to use the XGP, there are special TJ6 commands which take advantage of XGP and SCRIMP features such as: choice of fonts, super and subscripts, underscoring. In order to take advantage of these features, you must use TJ6's "XGP" command. This also results in an output file in a strange looking format. .sect .of 8 XGP B .br Either this command or the /X switch (see section 17, Console Operation) must be used to activate all XGP-type features. If the output device is DSK, TJ6 will output a file intended for printing on the XGP with a default second file name of XGP, and will pay attention to other XGP-only commands and in-text character commands: FONT, SQUISH, VSP, NORMAL, NOSPEC, SCRIPT, BLADJU, PSCORE, ,  , , and . All of these commands will be ignored unless preceeded by XGP or the /X switch is used. Since XGP be ignored unless it appears before all input text, it's a good idea to have this be the very first line of the input file. (Since the output device must be DSK, you can cause TJ6 to ignore the XGP command by outputting to TTY, AI, etc.) The output file created by TJ6 for the XGP is designed to be used by AI ITS' SCRIMP program, and contains coded data for the XGP, as well as the output text. (The XGP character interpretation is described in AI Working Paper Number 72, XGP Font Catalog.) .sp .sect .un 8 FONT B .br Causes the font file to be associated with font (character set) number . When the output file is finally printed on the XGP, it will appear in the designated fonts. (The font file must be in KST format. See Working Paper #78 if you want to design your own font.) TJ6 has six fonts numbered 0 through 5, and starts printing in font 0. Fonts are switched with the  in-text command. (See section 16, In-text Character Commands.) FONT is ignored if not preceeded by /X switch or XGP command and must appear before text. FONT 0 is special in that it is normally used to determine the size of tabs and leading spaces, (see section 7,) and all fonts are assumed to be the same height. (I.E., although TJ6 understands variable width fonts, it assumes all lines of text are equal in height. This results in a page which is too long if the page contains lots of super or subscripts, or lots of text in a font which is taller than FONT 0.) The default FONT 0 is 25FG. There is no default for higher fonts. A good place to have the FONT specifications is immediately after the XGP command. The source file for this memo starts with .crbr .in 4 1.XGP .FONT 0 25vg .FONT 1 25fr .FONT 2 25vmic .FONT 3 25vri0 .crsp .in 8 .sp .sect .un 8 SQUISH .br This causes a ;SQUISH to appear on the XGP command page. ;SQUISH causes the XGP program to minimize the number of font character rasters shipped to the XGP's PDP11 and stored there. SCRIMP squishes by reading the entire file before sending fonts to the PDP11. It then sends only the rasters for characters which appear in the TJ6'ed file. (Normally, SCRIMP sends to the PDP11 and stores there the raster for every character in all the FONTs you used. Because of the limited size of the PDP11's memory, it sometimes does not have room for all those rasters.) SQUISH is useful when SCRIMP types out a "CHARACTERS LOST" error message. .sp .sect .un 8 VSP B .br Set XGP interline spacing to scan lines. This command must appear before all text. VSP is normally 6, i.e., 1/32 inch. .sp .sect .un 8 NORMAL .br If =0, or no argument, don't print quoted characters on XGP in normal mode. (The default is normalized characters -- NORMAL 1.) Certain characters:  (null),  (backspace),  (tab),  (linefeed),  (formfeed), î (carriage return), and  (rubout), are interpreted by SCRIMP and the XGP as commands, unless they are quoted to the XGP (in which case they are simply printed as characters). Whenever one of these characters is quoted in the TJ6 source file, TJ6 will in turn quote it to the XGP. The quoting of formatting characters to force them to be printing characters is "normalization". (To avoid this, use NORMAL 0.) .block 5 .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1W| .NORMAL 0 W| 2W| .NORMAL 0 W|0 .normal .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE The quoted backspace is usually output as a lambda. In non-normal mode, the quoted backspace is passed on to the XGP as a backspace. .sp .sect .un 8 NOSPEC B .br Don't output an XGP command page. In XGP mode, TJ6 normally outputs a page of SCRIMP commands which looks like .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1;SIZE 11 ;VSP 6 ;TOPMAR 0 ;BOTMAR 0 ;LFTMAR 0 ;SKIP 1 ;KSET FONTS;25VG KST,FONTS;25FR KST,FONTS;25VMIC KST,,, AI:JDC;NNTJ6 10.00 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE By making the left margin 0, (SIDM 0), and using NOSPEC, the user may, for his own perverse reasons, output his own SCRIMP command page. .sp .sect .un 8 SCRIPT .br Set the number of XGP lines that  (superscript) or  (subscript) will raise or lower the baseline. (See section 16, In-text Character Commands.) (The default is SCRIPT 12, 1/16 inch.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.SCRIPT 12 E=MC 12 .SCRIPT 6 MC 6=E .crsp 2E=MC 12 .SCRIPT 6 MC 6=E0 .script 12 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 BLADJU .br Sets the baseline to amount. + is up. BLADJU 0 is the same as . must be between -64 and +63. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1E=MC .BLADJU 8 8 .crsp 2E=MC .BLADJU 8 80 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 PSCORE .br Sets the position of underscoring to scan lines below font base line. (- is up.) Underscoring done with the  and  in-text command characters is normally 3 XGP scan lines below the font base line (PSCORE 3). .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Ordinary underline (PSCORE 3) .PSCORE 0 Raised underscore .crsp 2Ordinary underline (PSCORE 3) .PSCORE 0 Raised underscore0 .pscore 3 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .chap .he2 Miscellaneous Commands .pa .in 0 .sect Miscellaneous Commands .sect .of 8 COMMEN .un 7 C .br Treat the entire command line as a comment. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Winnie .COMMEN I like Piglet lots. the Pooh .crsp 2Winnie .COMMEN I like Piglet lots. the Pooh0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE (But remember that excess on any command line is also treated as a comment.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Winnie .UNDENT -2 I also like Eeyore and Rabbit. the Pooh .crsp 2Winnie .UNDENT -2 I also like Eeyore and Rabbit. the Pooh0 .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 DUMMY B .br If no second argument or 0, defines a character which will be treated a letter internally, but print as a space on output. If =0, turns off DUMMYing for that character. (There is no default DUMMY character. There may be more than one dummy.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.DUMMY  124. .DUMMY  2124.0 .DUMMY  0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 QUOTE B .br becomes the TJ6 quoting character, which is used in input text to quote the following character. (Also see section 16, In-text Character Commands.) To turn off use QUOTE with no argument. (The default is QUOTE . (control Q)) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.QUOTE  .quote   20 .quote  .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 TRANS ab,cd, . . . .br On input, translate character to , to , etc. Characters are not translated within command lines. To undo, "translate" the character back to itself. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.TRANS WD,eu,lt,sc Welsh .TRANS WW,ee,ll,ss Welsh .TRANS WD,eu,lt,sc 2Welsh .TRANS WW,ee,ll,ss Welsh0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE (Since translation occurs before interpretation of in-text commands, TRANS can be used in the same way as PUB's TURN ON FOR.) .sp .sect .un 8 GENNUM .br Increment GENNUM counter number by and insert the incremented number. If no second argument, use counter 1. If no arguments, increment counter 1 by 1. TJ6 has eight GENNUM counters numbered 1-8. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.GENNUM .GENNUM 3 .GENNUM 2 12 .crsp .GENNUM 1 8 .GENNUM 3 8 .GENNUM 2 8 .in 8 END EXAMPLE 0To get GENNUMs without contiguous spaces, use the  in-text command. (See section 16, In-text Character Commands.) .sp .sect .un 8 GENSET .br Set GENNUM counter number to -1, so that when the next GENNUM or  is used, will appear. If no second argument, use counter 1. If no arguments, reset counter number 1 to 0. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.GENSET 1 1 .GENNUM2 .GENSET 1 8 .GENNUM 1 8 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 0ULFONT B .br If not using the XGP, underscore all characters in font number . When not using the XGP, this command is handy for causing an italic XGP font to be replaced by underscoring. (Only one font at a time can be the ULFONT.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1.ULFONT 3 Berman's book, 3Talks on American Law0, ...0 .un -4 appears on the XGP as, 2Berman's book, 3Talks on American Law0, ...0 .un -4 but appears elsewhere as, 1Berman's book, T_a_l_k_s__o_n__A_m_e_r_i_c_a_n__L_a_w_, ...0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .chap .he2 In-text Character Commands .pa .in 0 .sect In-text Character Commands These are characters which appear in text lines, but have the effect of commands. (All in-text commands can also appear in HEADING lines.) (They cannot be turned on and off as in PUB, but since translation (see TRANS, section 15, Miscellaneous Commands) occurs before in-text commands are interpreted, TRANS can be used as a sort of TURN ON FOR.) .sect .of 8 (control Y) .br Begin underscore. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1The House at Pooh Corner 2The House at Pooh Corner0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE Don't forget to turn off underscoring with the  command. TJ6 underscores by printing a backspace and underscore following each underscored character, except on the XGP where the XGP underscore commands are used. (The location of the XGP underscore is controlled by the PSCORE command. See section 14, XGP Commands.) This means that on the XGP, an underscore made with the  and  characters is different than one made by putting backspaces and underbars in the input text. Compare: .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1The House at Pooh Corner. T_h_e__H_o_u_s_e__a_t__P_o_o_h__C_o_r_n_e_r_. 2The House at Pooh Corner. T_h_e__H_o_u_s_e__a_t__P_o_o_h__C_o_r_n_e_r_.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE Use of  and  is preferred because it is: easier to type in; easier to edit; takes less space in the source file; and looks better on the XGP than underbars. .sp .sect .un 8 (control X) .br End underscore. Used to terminate scope of  begin underscore command. .sp .sect .un 8 (control F) .br Select font number . In this file fonts 0 through 3 are respectively: 25VG, 25FG, 25VMIC, and 25VRI. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Fonts 0zero, 1one, 2two, and 3three. 2Fonts 0zero, 1one, 2two, and 3three.0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 (control G) .br Insert a generated number. This command has exactly the same effect as GENNUM 1 , or with no argument, is the same as GENNUM 1 1. It is more flexible than GENNUM, however, since a GENNUMed number is surrounded by spaces. .in 4 .crbr 1Figure 1. 2Figure 1.0 .crsp .in 8 If a GENNUM had been used here, there would have been a space after the period. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Figure 1. .GENNUM2 .crsp .GENSET Figure 1. .GENNUM .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 0 (control K) .br Superscript. (Raise baseline by SCRIPT.) The baseline will continue to be raised untill changed by another  or , or reset by a . .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1A2  n=Bn  2 2A2 n=Bn 20 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 (control A) .br Subscript. (Lower baseline by SCRIPT.) See previous example. .sp .sect .un 8 (control W) .br Reset baseline to 0. See previous example. .sp .block 4 .sect .un 8 (control D) .br Insert date in format: Month day, Year. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1Today is . 2Today is .0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 (control N) .br Insert current input file name in standard ITS format DEV:SYSNAM;FNAM1 FNAM2. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1The source for this section of the TJ6 memo is . 2The source for this section of the TJ6 memo is .0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 (control Q) .br Default QUOTE character. (See QUOTE.) .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1 2  0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .in 0 .chap .he2 Console Operation, Switches .pa .adjust .spsp .in 0 Console Operation TJ6 console operation is basically like that of most other compilers. The program is started from DDT in the normal way. It takes two file names as arguments, first the output name, then the input name. It compiles the output file, typing out any errors it finds, and when it is done, TJ6 kills itself. .br In this section 3italics0 will be used for all computer generated typeout. .br The following command strings will both compile the file JDC;TEST MEMO from the source file JDC;TEST >: .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1TJ6 3! NNTJ6 11.1 _1JDC;TEST MEMO_JDC;TEST >0 .un -4 or simply 1:TJ6 TEST0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .sect .un 8 Command Line Switches .br There are some special "commands" which can be given as part of the original TJ6 command line, and which will be ignored when part of a source file. They are "command line switches" and consist of a / followed by a character. .sp .sect .un 8 /C .br Output a table of contents intended for input to TJ6. Make the output default second file name CONTEN instead of MEMO. The table of contents will be a series of .SPREADs, with the left field the .SECTIO section titles, and the right field the page number. The separator will be / or a character defined by STERM. (See section 11, Sections and Table of Contents.) .sp Using the TJ6 contents feature requires running two passes of TJ6, the one to produce the table of contents, the other to produce the memo. This memo has both a table of contents and a crude index which are both INSRTed into the orginal file in order to produce the final memo. The DDT command string .un 4 1:TJ6 TJ6;TJ6MEM /X/C0 .br uses TJ6;TJ6MEM >, and outputs only a table of contents as the file TJ6;TJ6MEM CONTEN. TJ6MEM CONTEN is then alphabetized in TECO to produce the index file TJ6;TJ6MEM INDEX. .un 4 1:TJ6 TJ6;TJ6MEM /X0 .br uses TJ6;TJ6MEM > to produce the final XGPable memo as the file TJ6;TJ6MEM XGP. .sp When using the /C command, make sure that TJ6 knows what device the memo will eventually be output on, otherwise the page numbers may be incorrect. If the memo is eventually going to the XGP, make sure to use the /X or XGP command. If not using the XGP, use neither command, or specify an output device other than DSK. .sp .sect .un 8 /X .br Output for the XGP. This command is ignored unless output is to DSK. This switch is exactly the same as the XGP command. .sp .sect .un 8 /T .br Take input from the teletype before reading the specified file. TJ6 will type out the prompt character > and treat input from the teletype as though it appears at the beginning of the specified source file. TJ6 will continue reading from the teletype untill you type a ET, INSRT, or APPEND command. .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1TJ6 3! NNTJ6 11.1 _1TEST /T 3>1.DS 3>1.BEGIN 7 3>1.ET0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE .sp .in 0 Although the following commands can appear in source files, they are usually used with the /T command switch. .in 8 .sp .sect .un 8 ET .br End teletype input, and take input from the file. This is used to end the scope of the /T console command switch. .sp .sect .un 8 BEGIN .br Begin output with page number . (This means page number n, not the nth page. For instance if your text starts with page number 2, and you use BEGIN 3, the output starts with page number 3, the second page, not page number 4, the third page. .sp .sect .un 8 NOWAIT BZ .br Don't wait for a space to be typed on input console at start of each output page. (Default for output to DSK, LPT, TPL, AI, ML, DM.) .chap .he2 Error Messages .sp .insrt tj6;error > .in 0 .chap .he2 History .pa .sect Historical Note TJ6 was written in the late 1960's by Richard Greenblatt to facilitate the writing of his paper on the chess program, and has since been "improved" by almost every system programmer, and many other ITS users. This memo replaces one written by Greenblatt, Horn, and Krakauer, (AI Memo 164A, The Text-Justifier TJ6, Greenblatt, Horn, Krakauer, June 1970,) which in turn replaced the first TJ6 memo, (AI Memo 164, Producing Memos Using TJ6, TECO, and the Type 37 Teletype, Krakauer, September, 1968). Many of the changes introduced to TJ6 have been to satisfy the whim of some programmer for some formatting trick in his memo, but the major revisions represent a history of the output hardware of the AI Lab. As seen by the title of the first memo, TJ6 was first used to output to a model 37 Teletype. The second memo was contemporary to our IBM Selectrics and had an appendix entitled "The 'Selectric' output device". Another appendix on "Inserting lower case letters into the TECO buffer" was due to the lack of lower case terminals, and the need for a trick to get lower case into the TECO buffer from our model 33 Teletypes and GE "bagbiters" (Datanet 760's). The latest round of changes, made by the author, is aimed mostly at the Xerox Graphic Printer. TJ6 knows about variable width fonts, underlining, and other XGP features, and much of the code relating to Selectrics has beeen removed. I have also spent much time trying to straighten out some of the internal workings of the program, and trying to make TJ6 a bit more human to use (by adding new features, error messages, and defaults.) Another round of changes has been aimed at simplifying and speeding up TJ6, largely by reducing it in size. This effort has been rewarded. TJ6 has been reduced from about 14 to 6 pure pages, in spite of the addition of much code needed to handle variable width fonts and the XGP. Although everyone probably has a favorite feature he or she would like added to TJ6, the program will probably remain frozen. This freeze is a reaction to the sorry state that TJ6 was once in, when everyone's favorite feature of the week was added, and it became hard to run TJ6 without exciting some sort of bug. Making changes to TJ6 is ordinarily difficult because of complicated interactions among variables. This difficulty, plus the desire to keep TJ6 small and fast militate against most changes. Although some features will doubtless be added to TJ6, some of the most frequently requested changes: footnotes, indices, etc., are absolutely out the question, as they would require total rewriting of TJ6 to be a two pass compiler like PUB. If that sort of feature is important to you, use PUB. .sp .sect Bugs .sp I am glad to fix any TJ6 bugs, but I need a copy (or pointer to) the source file that produces them. A bug which seems as though it could be easily reproduced is often caused by some complicated interaction of commands and text in the source file. It's frustrating to struggle to reproduce such bugs, when someone should have saved me the trouble by sending me a file that is know to do so. .sp .sect Overprinting .sp Simple overprinting works correctly in TJ6, but overprinting coupled with underlines, font shifts, or super- or subscripts will probably not give you the desired output. This is because of TJ6's internal line storage format. TJ6 stores lines column by column, with each column stored as a linked list of characters. When a printing character is read, it is CONSed onto the end of the current column, and the column number is incremented. Non-printing characters (n,  , , , , ,) are CONSed to the end of the column list, but the column number is not incremented. Backspacing simply decrements the column number. TJ6 then prints the line column by column, centering all the characters in each column. .in 8 The input string: .in 4 EXAMPLE .crbr 1ABCD0 .un -4 is stored internally as Column 1: 1A B C0 Column 2: 1D0 .un -4 and will be printed correctly. The input string 1e3^0tre .un -4 0is stored as Column 1: 1e ^ 0 Column 2: 13 0 t 0 Column 3: 1r 0 Column 4: 1e 0 .crbr .in 8 Since all the characters in column 1 are printed before those in column 2, the intended effect will be lost. However, .crbr .in 4 1e3^0tre .un -4 0is stored as: Column 1: 1e 3 ^ 0 Column 2: 10 t 0 Column 3: 1r 0 Column 4: 1e 0 .crsp .in 8 END EXAMPLE and prints correctly as .un 4 2e0^2tre.0 .br (Since the internal line storage format is convenient for text justification, and the combination of overstriking and font switching is rarely used, it hardly seems worth the trouble to change the internal format.) .in 0 .sp .sect Sources .sp Most of the strange quotations in this memo are from Koestler's The Lotus and the Robot, and Berman's Talks on American Law. .sp .sect Files .sp Some of the ITS files related to TJ6 are: .nf TJ6;TJ6 > source for TJ6 SYSBIN;TJ6 BIN assembled unpurified binary SYS;TS TJ6 purified binary (This is what actually runs.) SYS;TS OTJ6 antique version of TJ6 TJ6;TJ6MEM > source for this memo TJ6;TJ6MEM CONTEN contents for this memo TJ6;ERROR > error messages for this memo TJ6;TJ6MEM INDEX index of this memo TJ6;RECENT > recent changes to TJ6 TJ6;TJTST > TJ6 test file, INSRTs: TJ6;SPTEST > INSRTed test file TJ6;TABTST > INSRTed test file .in 0 .ad .chap .he2 Sample Input .pa .sect Sample Input .nf 1.fill .center Simple Sample .SP Here is a simple sample of some input and output intended primarily for people who have never used TJ6. The TJ6 input file is a mixture of text and command lines. Command lines start with a period and tell TJ6 what to do with the text. These lines are filled -- the left edges are aligned, and the right edges don't go beyond the margin. .sp .adjust These lines are adjusted -- both margins are exactly aligned. In order to use TJ6, you must start the program from DDT, and give TJ6 the name of an output and source file, separated by a _. For instance, (text generated by the computer is underlined) .nf .in 8 :TJ6 NNTJ6 11.1 _ TEST OUTPUT_TEST INPUT .INDENT 0 .ADJUST If you don't give TJ6 an output file name, it will use the input first name and MEMO, and if you don't give it an input second name it will use >. For instance, the following lines have the same effect: .nf :TJ6 TEST :TJ6 TEST MEMO_TEST >2 .sp .he2 Sample Output .fill .center 2Simple Sample .SP Here is a simple sample of some input and output intended primarily for people who have never used TJ6. The TJ6 input file is a mixture of text and command lines. Command lines start with a period and tell TJ6 what to do with the text. These lines are filled -- the left edges are aligned, and the right edges don't go beyond the margin. .sp .adjust These lines are adjusted -- both margins are exactly aligned. In order to use TJ6, you must start the program from DDT, and give TJ6 the name of an output and source file, separated by a _. For instance, (text generated by the computer is underlined) .nf .in 8 :TJ6 NNTJ6 11.1 _ TEST OUTPUT_TEST INPUT .INDENT 0 .ADJUST If you don't give TJ6 an output file name, it will use the input first name and MEMO, and if you don't give it an input second name it will use >. For instance, the following lines have the same effect: .nf :TJ6 TEST :TJ6 TEST MEMO_TEST >0 .ad .in 0 .chap .he2 Index .pa .sect Index Note that this index is simply the TJ6 produced table of contents, as modified by the TECO alphabetic sort command. Section Titles are underlined. .nf .rtw 15 .sp .append TJ6;TJ6MEM INDEX