PDP-10.its/doc/sysdoc/clo.100

-*-Text-*-						Alan 12/31/83

Here is what I know about the core link device(s).

The core link device is a primitive mechanism for connecting two jobs
together with a uni-directional stream.  The basic idea is very simple:
suppose job A opens CLO:FOO;BAR BAZ for input and job B opens 
CLO:FOO;BAR BAZ for output, then by virtue of the fact that they used the
same name (FOO;BAR BAZ) they are connected together and anything job B
happens to output to its channel will be what job A reads from its channel.
For many simple hacks, that's all you really need to know about it!

The core link device is not a random access device.  Only the most basic
system calls are supported (like OPEN, IOT, SIOT, STATUS, RFNAME, and
CLOSE).  There is no way for either job to cause the other to receive a
second word interrupt.  For more advanced applications where a more
complicated interface is desired the JOB device can be used.  See
.INFO.;ITS JOBONL (or .INFO.;ITS JOB).

ITS keeps an I/O buffer for each core link, so the two jobs will not
actually be kept running in lock-step.  The outputting job will wait when
it tries to output only if the buffer becomes full, and the inputting job
will wait when it tries to input only if the buffer becomes empty.  The
buffer is about 100. words long.  Because of this buffering it is not
necessary for both jobs to open their channels in identical modes, one job
can read (write) 36-bit words while the other is writing (reading) 7-bit
characters.  [This should be contrasted with the JOB device, where ITS
cannot keep any internal state for the JOB/BOJ connection because of
PCLSRing considerations.]

If the reading job closes its input channel, the writing job's output
channel acts like the NUL device.  All output is simply discarded.  If the
writing job closes its output channel, the reading job's input channel acts
like it has reached end of file (after it has read whatever remained in the
buffer of course).  [Actually, in .UII mode if you IOT beyond end of file
it starts returning random 36-bit words.  It should be fixed to generate an
IOC interrupt like other devices do at EOF in .UII mode.  I guess it really
doesn't matter much since you don't open things in image mode unless you
know exactly what they are anyway...]

There are actually 4 core link devices: CLO (Core Link Open), CLU (Core
Link Use), CLI (Core Link Interrupt), and CLA (Core Link Answer).  The
differences between them all have to do with what happens when you open
them.  In fact, after you have completed the process of opening a channel
with any of these devices, an RFNAME call on that channel will always
report that it is the CLO device, since from that point on they all behave
identically.

In order match up jobs that desire to use the core link device, ITS
maintains a table called the "core link directory".  At any given time the
core link directory contains a number of "core links".  Each core link has
three names: an SNAME, a first name, and a second name (SNAME;NAME1 NAME2).

When a job tries to open CLO:FOO;BAR BAZ, ITS searches the core link
directory for a core link named FOO;BAR BAZ.  If no core link is found with
that name, then a new core link is created with that name and entered in
the directory.  (If the core link directory gets full a %EFLDR error can be
returned at this point.)

The CLU device behaves identically to the CLO device, except that if no
existing core link has the proper name then instead of creating a new one,
a file not found error is returned (%ENSFL).  Thus you should use the CLU
device when you are certain that some other job has already created a core
link of a given name.

Also potentially associated with each core link is a pair of jobs.  One for
reading, and one for writing.  After an appropriately named core link has
been located or created, ITS checks to see whether some other job already
has this core link open in the same direction.  If so, a file locked error
is returned (%ENAFL), otherwise this job is recorded as the one reading or
writing the core link, and the channel is successfully opened.

You can list the core link directory.  Opening CLO:.FILE. (DIR) will
allow you to read a table like the following:

 SNAME  NAME1  NAME2  ALAN   A     -> ALAN   B     
 SPAZM  FOOBAR 259    CLOSED-> ALAN   A     
 QAZWSX FOOBAR 259    ALAN   FOOBAR-> CLOSED
 FOO    BAR    BAZ    CLOSED-> CLOSED

(Try typing CLO^F to DDT.  Probably the core link directory will be empty,
so you won't seen anything interesting.)

This table is interpreted as follows:

 SNAME  NAME1  NAME2  ALAN   A     -> ALAN   B     
 ^      ^      ^      ^      ^        ^      ^
 |      |      |      |      |        |      |    UNAME and JNAME of
 |      |      |      |      |        +------+--- job reading from
 |      |      |      |      |                    this core link.
 |      |      |      |      |
 |      |      |      |      |   UNAME and JNAME of
 |      |      |      +------+---job writing into
 |      |      |                 this core link.
 |      |      |
 |      |      |   SNAME and first and
 +------+------+---second names for 
                   this core link.

If no job is reading from the core link, the word CLOSED will appear after
the arrow instead of a UNAME/JNAME pair.  Similarly if no job is writing
into the core link, CLOSED appears before the arrow.

If you are trying to debug something that uses the core link device, a
listing of the core link directory is a valuable debugging aid.

In the core link directory listing above, the core link named FOO;BAR BAZ
has neither an associated reading nor writing job.  You might think that
such a core link would be worthless, but this is not necessarily the case!
Suppose that job A opens CLO:FOO;BAR BAZ for output intending to only
transmit 100. ascii characters through the link.  Since 100. characters can
easily fit in the core link's buffer, job A can output all 100. characters
and close its channel before the reading job even gets as far as opening
its channel.  Thus for a brief time the core link has no associated jobs.

Unfortunately there is no way to guarantee that any job will ever open the
core link FOO;BAR BAZ for input to pick up those 100. characters.  For this
reason ITS will garbage collect any core link that has not had any
associated jobs for several minutes (about 5 minutes).

You can also delete core links from the core link directory yourself.  Thus
from DDT you can type "^O CLO:FOO;BAR BAZ" to get rid of a garbage core
link.  Normally there is no need to do this, since ITS will flush them
eventually anyway.  [Indeed, it is a BAD idea to use this feature currently
because there is a bug such that instead of deleting the core link, you
sometimes cause it to become permanently locked down.  Since there are a
finite number of core links (12. currently), if you do this often enough
you will render the core link device unusable.]

A reasonable person might wonder what happens if some job tries to re-open
the core link FOO;BAR BAZ for output and write more characters into it.
Well, each core link actually acts as a SEQUENCE of files separated by
end-of-file markers.  If a second job opens CLO:FOO;BAR BAZ and writes more
data into it, that data will be available to the SECOND job that opens that
core link for input.  Thus if one job is in a loop opening the core link
named FOO;BAR BAZ, outputting a single character, and then closing it
again, and a second job is in a loop opening that core link, reading
characters until end of file, and then closing it again, then the second
job will see a sequence of single character length files.

We haven't yet mentioned the CLI and CLA devices.  These two devices enable
one job to interrupt another job indicating that it wishes to send a
message through a core link.  This is how interactive messages work on ITS.

The sending job opens the CLI device with first and second filenames equal
to the UNAME and JNAME of the job that it wishes to interrupt.  For
example, a job might try to open CLI:CSTACY HACTRN (any SNAME supplied will
be ignored).  ITS then checks to see that a job named CSTACY HACTRN really
does exist.  If it does, ITS checks to see that that job has enabled the
%PICLI interrupt.  If it is not the case that both conditions are met, the
open returns an illegal file name error (%EBDFN).  If both conditions are
met, then we proceed as if we were opening CLO:_CLI_;CSTACY HACTRN.  If
that succeeds, then we actually give the job CSTACY HACTRN the %PICLI
interrupt, and the open succeeds.

The UNAME and JNAME of the sending job are now placed in the core link's
I/O buffer so that the receiving job will be able to read them out before
any additional data that the sender might wish to transmit.  (Note that you
can only open the CLI device for output.)

In order to handle the %PICLI interrupt the job CSTACY HACTRN opens CLA:
(any additional names supplied will be ignored).  This is like opening
CLU:_CLI_;CSTACY HACTRN, except that it saves the interrupted job from
having to figure out its own name.  The receiving job can now read the
UNAME and JNAME of its interrupter by inputting the first two 36-bit words
from the newly opened channel.

The jobs are now talking through an ordinary core link named 
_CLI_;CSTACY HACTRN.