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SED: A CRT EDITOR FOR TOPS-10 AND TOPS-20
WRITTEN AND DOCUMENTED BY A Christopher Hall
August 1983
(Operating system: TOPS-10)
(Terminal described: VT52)
HISTORICAL NOTE AND COMMERCIAL
The first successful full-screen text editor was developed in
1967 at the Institute for Defense Analyses by Edgar T. Irons and
Franz M. Djorup for use on the CDC-6600 computer. It was the first
editor to use function keys as editor commands.
The Yale editor "E" was designed in 1970 by Irons and Peter
Weiner to be an improvement on the IDA editor, running on the
PDP-10. It demonstrated the practicality of screen editors on
terminals of speeds as low as 2400 baud.
The Rand editor "re" was conceived in 1974 by Peter Weiner,
based on the Yale editor. It was initially designed and written by
Walter Bilofsky, and modified by both Weiner and Bilofsky as it
evolved. The Rand editor is used on PDP-11 computers running the
UNIX operating system. It is extremely powerful, although limited
to a small number of terminals.
The author has worked with the Yale editor and the Rand editor
for the past several years, and has made a number of modifications
and improvements to a version of the former. The editor described
in this document was initially developed by the author in 1978 to be
a more tightly-written and better documented program than the Yale
editor, but it has evolved into an entity in its own right. It
incorporates useful features from both the Rand editor and the Yale
editor plus several new ideas. It runs on the PDP-10 under either
the TOPS-10 or TOPS-20 monitor (in native mode).
This editor, SED, has a number of features which distinguish it
from its predecessors. It is the first full-screen editor which is
easily adaptable to a wide range of terminals. Also, it exploits
more fully the capabilities of the terminal by letting the terminal
do the work whenever possible (and it knows whether or not the
terminal is equipped to do the job). The editor has the usual set
of commands: cursor movers, display window movers, inserts and
deletes, searches, and line copiers; all of which cause immediate
changes on the CRT screen when they are invoked. In addition, there
are a number of shortcuts by which the sophisticated user can save
time and typing.
SED is documented with a tutorial, this user's manual, an
installation guide, copious comments within the program, and
software history files and suchlike for the serious hacker.
INTRODUCTION TO SED
This document contains complete descriptions of all the SED
commands. It is a reference manual, good for finding out the
details about things, but confusing as a learning tool. If you are
a new SED user, the tutorial guide, DOC:SED.MAN would be a better
introduction to the editor. But the tutorial will only get you
started; use this reference manual when you feel comfortable with
the basic SED commands.
Commands to SED are given by holding down the key labeled
'CNTR' or 'CTRL' and typing a letter. Also, some terminals have
special keys which are SED commands. In this manual editor commands
are notated in capital letters and brackets. For example, the
command used to advance 1 page (one screenful) in a file is given by
holding the 'CONTROL' key and typing the letter 'Y'; it is notated
<ROLL-FORWARD-PAGES> or ^Y. Think of the 'CONTROL' key as a shift
key.
RUNNING SED
There are three ways of running the editor. At monitor level
type
.R SED or
.R SED;FILE.EXT or
.R SED;FILE.EXT=
The first way will set up for editing the file (and alternate
file*) which were edited last time. SED will return you to the same
position in the file that you were last. If you are running SED for
the first time a cheery welcome message will appear. You can then
use the <SET-FILE> command (described below) to get a file to edit.
If you type the second form SED will put you at the beginning
of FILE.EXT (or whatever file you give). The file you edited last
time will be the alternate file. If the file given in the run
command does not exist SED will tell you so and give you last time's
file or the cheery message.
If you use the third form SED will do as above, except that if
the file does not exist the editor will create it.
--------------------
* SED allows you to toggle between any two files. The alternate
file is the one which is not currently being edited. See the
<SET-FILE> command.
- 1 -
THE CURSOR
Run the editor and get the cheery message (don't give a file
name). There will be a blinking dash in the upper left-hand corner
of the screen; that dash is called the cursor, and it represents
your position in the file.
You cannot do much with the cheery message, so why not create a
new file and play around with the editor? Type the following:
PAD-BLUE A B C D = ^B
one key after another (with no spaces in between). The editor will
create a file named ABCD containing the obvious message
; This file is ABCD.
Note that the cursor is still at the upper left of the screen.
If you type a character it will appear where the cursor is and
the cursor will move one space to the right. The character you type
will replace the one at the cursor position. If INSERT MODE is in
effect (see the <INSERT-MODE> command) the new character will be
inserted in the line, and the rest of the line moved one position to
the right.
A carriage return will put the cursor at the start of the next
line on the screen, but will not affect the contents of the file.
There are other keys that simply move the cursor around: the key
off to the right labeled HOME and the four arrow keys near it (which
move the cursor in the indicated directions), <TAB> (^I) and
<BACKTAB> (^U). There's also a command (<LINE>) to move to the
beginning or the end of a line. Linefeed is NOT merely a cursor
mover, however (see the section on <CLEAR-LINE> or <ERASE-LINE>).
Type something. If you make a mistake use the <CURSOR-LEFT>
key to back up over the bad character, and type the correct one on
top of it. If you put in one character too many, position the
cursor to it and type <DELETE-SPACES> (^L). There is a whole
spectrum of commands for inserting and deleting characters and lines
of text, moving around within the file, and other useful things.
Read on.
- 2 -
FORMAT OF EDITOR COMMANDS
SED does not exist by cursor movements alone. There is a whole
raft of commands, which have the following form:
<COMMAND>
or <ENTER><parameter><COMMAND>
or <ENTER><cursor movement><COMMAND>
or <ENTER><COMMAND> (TOKEN FORMAT)
The <ENTER> key is PAD-BLUE. A parameter is a piece of
information that is used by a command. For instance, if you want to
insert blank lines in a file the parameter is the number of lines
you want to insert. Most commands have default parameters; that
is, if you simply issue the command without specifying parameters,
SED will use a pre-set value for each parameter. <INSERT-LINES>
(^D) will insert 1 line until you tell it otherwise, which you do by
using the second form of command. If you say
<ENTER>5<INSERT-LINES>
SED will insert 5 lines. From that point on whenever you say
<INSERT-LINES>
SED will insert 5 lines, until you change it again.
Certain pairs of commands share parameters. If you say
<ENTER>5<INSERT-LINES>
and later say
<DELETE-LINES>
SED will delete 5 lines because it shares its parameter with
<INSERT-LINES> (<DELETE-LINES> = ^F).
If the /RESET switch is set (see the section on <SWITCH>),
parameters will be reset to their initial values after each command.
There are two other command formats: cursor movement and
tokens. Both are shortcuts for the advanced user, so if you are
just starting out don't worry about them for now.
CURSOR MOVEMENT
To define a parameter by cursor movement, type <ENTER>, move
the cursor around using any of the cursor movement commands to get
to a different row and/or column on the terminal screen, then type
the desired command. The command will take as its parameters the
difference in rows or columns (or both). Often both changes are
- 3 -
useful; you can delete three lines and the first 8 spaces of the
next line by typing
<ENTER><RETURN><RETURN><RETURN><TAB><DELETE-LINES>
Cursor movement is often easier to do than counting lines or
characters. It is not meaningful with every command; an error
message will result from using it at the wrong time. But usually it
is used for what you think it ought to be, and illegal when you
can't see any reason for doing it.
TOKENS
When you give a token parameter you ask SED to read the
parameter from the file itself, at the cursor position. However,
for some commands token format means that special action should be
taken, the nature of which is dependent on the command. For
example, <ENTER><PERCENT> will move to the end of the file; it's a
shorthand way of saying <ENTER>100<PERCENT>. Also, <ENTER><PUT>
will insert text which has previously been deleted into the file;
it is the only way of recovering that information. The special
functions of this command format are described in detail with each
command.
A token can be thought of as "the word at the cursor position."
Actually the formal definition is: the string of characters
starting at the cursor location and extending to the first
nonalphabetic, nonnumeric character. Thus the location of the
cursor is important, and it need not be at the start of an actual
word. Sometimes SED is interested in the token itself, for instance
for the search command; sometimes it is only interested in the
length of the token, like for <DELETE-SPACES>.
The token for the <SET-FILE> (^B) command is different. The
parameter for <SET-FILE> (set up a new file for editing), is a
filespec. Since filespecs usually consist of at least a name and an
extension, the usual token will not work, since it will recognize
only the file name (and stop on the "."). So for the <SET-FILE>
command a token is defined as extending from the cursor position to
the next space, tab, comma, or control character. All other
characters will be legal token characters.
Tokens, of course, don't give you anything you don't have
already; they just save some typing.
EDITING A PARAMETER
Parameters can be edited: an entire parameter can be canceled
by typing <RESET> (which is invoked by DELETE). The latest
character of the parameter can be deleted by typing <CURSOR-LEFT> or
<DELETE-CHARACTER> (BKSP). The latest word of the parameter can be
erased by <BACKTAB> (^U) or <ERASE-WORD> (PAD-.), and the whole
parameter erased by <ERASE-LINE> (^J).
- 4 -
COMMANDS TO THE EDITOR
This section describes all the commands to SED, telling what
they are, how they are (normally) invoked, what types of parameters
they accept, and any special attributes they have.
Each entry in this section describes one command, or two if
they are related and share a parameter value. The format of the
entries in this sections is:
COMMAND NAME(S) CONTROL CHAR(S) WHICH INVOKE
STARTING NOMINAL
TYPE OF PARAMETER EXPECTED
CURSOR MOVEMENT DEFINED (NONE, CHANGE OF ROW, COLUMN, BOTH)
TOKEN (NONE, TOKEN, OR SPECIAL)
DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION TAKEN BY THE COMMAND
EXAMPLE: A LINE OR TWO BEFORE AND AFTER EDITING
- 5 -
***************************************************************************
The commands on this page and the next (through <LINE>) are the
cursor movement commands. They move the cursor around on the
terminal screen. but have no effect on the file. These
commands can be used in a parameter to define a region of the
screen, between where the cursor was when you typed <ENTER> to where
it was when you typed a non-cursor movement command.
***************************************************************************
<CURSOR-RIGHT>
<CURSOR-LEFT>
<CURSOR-UP>
<CURSOR-DOWN>
Moves the cursor in the indicated direction. If the cursor
goes off the edge of the screen it will wrap around and appear at
the other side.
If /SCROLL is set, <CURSOR-UP> at the top of the screen or
<CURSOR-DOWN> at the bottom will roll the screen one line. See the
<SWITCH> command.
***************************************************************************
<CURSOR-HOME> PAD-BLK
Moves the cursor to the upper left-hand corner of the screen.
***************************************************************************
<UP-TAB> PAD-8
<DOWN-TAB> PAD-2
Moves the cursor up or down six lines. Exactly the same as
typing six <CURSOR-UP> or <CURSOR-DOWN>s.
***************************************************************************
<CARRIAGE-RETURN> ^M
Moves the cursor to the start of the next line (ie, does a
CARRIAGE RETURN, LINEFEED). If the cursor started on the bottom
line of the screen the screen will roll up one line, a new line will
appear at the bottom of the screen, and the cursor will be
positioned at the start of it.
In INSERT mode (see the <INSERT-MODE> command)
<CARRIAGE-RETURN> will actually insert a <CRLF> at the cursor
location.
Switches relevant to <CARRIAGE-RETURN>: /ROLL and /ICR. See
the <SWITCH> command.
- 6 -
***************************************************************************
<TAB> ^I
<BACKTAB> ^U
Moves to the next tab stop in the forward or backward
direction. Tab stops are normally 8 spaces apart.
Tabs can be set to be any constant distance apart, using the
<SWITCH> command. For example, to set tabs every 6 columns, type
<ENTER>T:6<SWITCH>
Also, you can use the <TAB-SET> command to set additional tabs or
clear tabs you don't want. See the <TAB-SET> section.
There are also wordwise tabs, which you ask for by typing the
/T:W or /NOTABS switch. Then <TAB> and <BACKTAB> function in terms
of words of text rather than screen position. The table below
explains what happens:
CURSOR AT: TAB MOVES TO: BACKTAB MOVES TO:
within the line start of next word start of previous word
start of line start of next word end of previous line
last word of line end of line start of previous word
beyond end of line next normal tab stop start of last word of line
The /DELIM: switch will make wordwise tabs stop after the
given characters, in addition to stopping at the starts of words.
If you want a TAB command which actually inserts a TAB into the
file you are editing, see <REAL-TAB>.
***************************************************************************
<BEGIN-LINE> PAD-4
<END-LINE> PAD-6
<BEGIN-LINE> moves the cursor to the beginning of the line it
is on. <END-LINE> moves the cursor to the end of the line it is on.
***************************************************************************
<LINE> (none)
<LINE> does the functions of <BEGIN-LINE> and <END-LINE>: it
moves the cursor to the beginning of the line, unless it was already
there, in which case it moves to the end of the line. Thus <LINE>
will usually move to the beginning, and <LINE><LINE> will usually
move to the end. It's not as hard to do as it is to describe.
If <LINE> is typed within a parameter it acts as cursor
movement, moving to the beginning or the end of the line as above.
- 7 -
***************************************************************************
<ROLL-BACK-PAGES> ^A
<ROLL-FORWARD-PAGES> ^Y
Starting nominal: 1 page
Parameter: number (pages to roll)
Cursor move: illegal
Token: length of token is number of pages to roll
Advances or backs up the given number of pages (screens-full)
of the file.
<ROLL-BACK-PAGES> won't move before the start of the file, and
<ROLL-FORWARD-PAGES> won't move beyond the end of the file. Use
<INSERT-LINES> to extend the file, not one of the rolls. Or just
type on the last line on the screen.
Another way to get back to where you were before the
<ROLL-PAGES> command is to type <ENTER>P<MARKER>.
***************************************************************************
<ROLL-BACK-LINES> ^W
<ROLL-FORWARD-LINES> ^T
Starting nominal: 1/3 page
Parameter: number (lines to roll)
Cursor move: lines only; spaces ignored
Token: causes scanning to begin
Same as above, but movement is in terms of lines.
Scanning is when the editor does a roll (using the current
nominal), delays for a short time, then rolls again. It is started
by typing <ENTER><ROLL-BACK-LINES> (or <ENTER><ROLL-FORWARD-LINES>).
Scanning continues until the start or end of the file is reached, or
until you type any character. When scanning stops the cursor is
left in the middle of the screen to indicate that scanning is over.
- 8 -
***************************************************************************
<PERCENT-GOTO> ^P
Starting nominal: 0 percent
Parameter: number between 0 and 100 (percent distance into file)
Cursor move: illegal
Token: acts same as 100 percent
Displays the file starting the given percent into it. Typing
<ENTER>50<PERCENT-GOTO> will display the file starting mid-way
through. <ENTER>100<PERCENT-GOTO> (or just <ENTER><PERCENT-GOTO>)
will display the last several lines of the file, with the cursor at
the end of the last line.
<PERCENT-GOTO> is very much faster than a <ROLL> command, since
it does not count lines of text. It can also be used to speed up
searching, by <GOTO>ing a place near where you expect a match and
then doing the search.
To get back to where you were before the <PERCENT-GOTO>
command, type <ENTER>P<MARKER>.
***************************************************************************
<SLIDE-LEFT> ESC-L
<SLIDE-RIGHT> ESC-T
Starting nominal: 8 spaces
Parameter: number (spaces to slide)
Cursor move: spaces only; lines ignored
Token: takes length of token
Moves screen window left or right within the file. For
example, after a nominal <SLIDE-RIGHT>, the first 8 characters of
each line will not appear on the screen (they will be off the left
of the window), and each line displayed will show character
positions 9 through 88.
The window can be slid right an unlimited amount, but it cannot
be slid left past the left margin. The cursor will always stay on
the line it is on at the start of the slide; if the character it
pointed to is out of the window the cursor will point to the first
character on that line that is on the screen.
/SLIDE:n sets the nominal distance to slide to be n. /NOSLIDE
disables <SLIDE-LEFT> and <SLIDE-RIGHT>. See the <SWITCH> command.
- 9 -
***************************************************************************
<INSERT-LINES> ^D
<DELETE-LINES> ^F
Starting nominal: 1 line
Parameter: number (lines to insert/delete)
Cursor move: lines; spaces counted from left margin
Token: takes size of token, plus 1
<INSERT-LINES> adds the given number of lines at the CURSOR
POSITION (the given number of spaces are also added, if they are
asked for by a cursor move. Thus if the cursor is on line 5 column
8, and you type <ENTER><CURSOR-DOWN><INSERT-LINES>; then one line
and 8 spaces will be added to the file. The result will be to split
line 5, moving everything after the cursor one line down. If, in
the same position, you type <ENTER><CARRIAGE-RETURN><INSERT-LINES>;
then one line (and no spaces) will be added, and the result will be
to split the line and put the stuff after the cursor on the next
line, starting at the left margin. That last command could also be
made by typing <ENTER>1<INSERT-LINES>.
<DELETE-LINES> removes lines (and spaces, using cursor
movement) analogously. The deleted material is not thrown away, but
is stored in the DELETE BUFFER. It can be replaced in the file
using the <PUT> command. So if you <DELETE-LINES> accidentally,
type <ENTER><PUT> to get the lines back.
Deletes of any size are permitted. However, if more than about
50 lines are deleted, the delete buffer will overflow and it will be
written out on disk. Everything will work normally, although
perhaps a little more slowly. However, there will be a new file,
nnnCLS.TMP (where nnn is your job number) sitting around in your
area.
Overflowing the delete buffer has its advantages. nnnCLS.TMP
is just another file, and can be edited the same as any other file.
It will stay around until it is overwritten by another large delete.
Thus suppose you do a 100-line delete, then a 1-line delete, and
then realize that part of those 100 lines should not have been
deleted. You cannot type <ENTER><PUT> to restore those lines, since
what you will get is the single latestly-deleted line. But you can
get into the nnnCLS.TMP file (using the <SET-FILE> command), <PICK>
up the desired lines, return to your original file, and <PUT> the
lines back in.
Another use of the delete buffer is to split a file into two
pieces (as long as one piece is large enough to overflow the delete
buffer). To create two files, one containing the first 100 lines
and the other the remainder, go to the beginning of the file and
type <ENTER>100<DELETE-LINES>. Then exit the editor and rename
nnnCLS.TMP to whatever you want; it contains the first 100 lines.
- 10 -
EXAMPLE: The cursor is on the word "and"; you type <ENTER>2<INSERT-LINES>
BEFORE: This is the thing of the gig
and the gig is where it's at
AFTER: This is the thing of the gig
and the gig is where it's at
If you then do a <DELETE-LINES> the two blank lines will be removed.
Now say the cursor is on the "f" and you type <INSERT-LINES>:
BEFORE: Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
AFTER: Pack my box with
five dozen liquor jugs.
Two blank lines have been inserted at the cursor position.
***************************************************************************
<DELETE-CHARACTER> BKSP
No parameters
Deletes the character to the left of the cursor. If that
character is a tab, <DELETE-CHARACTER> deletes the entire tab. At
the beginning of a line <DELETE-CHARACTER> has no effect.
If typed in a parameter, <DELETE-CHARACTER> will still delete
the character before the cursor. Thus, in a parameter,
<DELETE-CHARACTER> and <CURSOR-LEFT> have the same effect.
Deleted stuff can be gotten back by typing <ENTER><HELP>.
***************************************************************************
<ERASE-WORD> PAD-.
No parameters
Deletes the word to the left of the cursor. <ERASE-WORD> at
the beginning of a line deletes the last word on the previous line.
A word is a string of alphanumerics, or a single
non-alphanumeric, followed by zero or more spaces or tabs.
<ERASE-WORD> deletes words in parameters, too. Thus, in a
parameter, <ERASE-WORD> and <BACKTAB> have the same effect.
Deleted stuff can be gotten back by typing <ENTER><HELP>.
- 11 -
***************************************************************************
<ERASE-LINE> ^J
No Parameters
If typed in a parameter, erases entire parameter
The <ERASE-LINE> command deletes all characters from the cursor
position to the end of the line. It is also used to erase an entire
parameter.
Deleted stuff can be gotten back by typing <ENTER><HELP>.
EXAMPLES: The cursor is on the "h" of "the" and you type <ERASE-LINE>:
BEFORE: This is the thing of the gig
and the gig is where it's at
AFTER: This is t
and the gig is where it's at
You type <ENTER>THING and wanted to type <ENTER>12. <ERASE-LINE>
will erase the parameter "THING" and let you start again:
BEFORE: >THING
AFTER: >
***************************************************************************
<CLEAR-LINE> (none)
No Parameters
Clears out the entire line which the cursor moves onto. The
contents of the line is not saved. <CLEAR-LINE> won't work if the
cursor starts on the last line of the screen. This is a dangerous
command, but useful for cleaning out a lot of garbage and leaving
blank lines behind.
Note: <CLEAR-LINE> is almost the same as <ERASE-LINE> but not
as useful. It is included for compatibility, but is obsolete.
EXAMPLE: The cursor is on the word "thing"; you type <CLEAR-LINE>
BEFORE: This is the thing of the gig
and the gig is where its at
This is another thing of the gig
AFTER: This is the thing of the gig
This is another thing of the gig
Now the cursor is where the "is" used to be on the second line.
- 12 -
***************************************************************************
<INSERT-SPACES> ^K
<DELETE-SPACES> ^L
Starting nominal: 1 space
Parameter: number (spaces to insert/delete)
Cursor move: spaces;
change in line causes rectangular insert/delete
Token: uses size of token, plus 1
Adds spaces (to add a string, see <PUT>) or deletes characters
starting at the cursor position. The deleted stuff can be gotten
back by typing <ENTER><HELP>.
EXAMPLE: The cursor is at "t" of the word "thing"; you type
<ENTER>4<INSERT-SPACES>:
BEFORE: This is the thing of the gig
AFTER: This is the thing of the gig
Then you move to the "o" of "of" and type <DELETE-SPACES>:
AFTER: This is the thing he gig
A rectangular <INSERT-SPACES> works as follows: say you type
<ENTER><DOWN><DOWN><RIGHT><RIGHT><INSERT-SPACES>. Your cursor
movement has defined a rectangle whose opposite corners are the
starting and ending cursor positions (in this case, three rows by
two columns). That rectangle will be filled with spaces. For
example, say the cursor starts at the "o" of "of" and you type
<ENTER><DOWN><DOWN><RIGHT><RIGHT><INSERT-SPACES>. The cursor ends
after the "f" of "five".
BEFORE: This is the thing of the gig,
and the gig is where it's at.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
AFTER: This is the thing of the gig,
and the gig is whe re it's at.
Pack my box with f ive dozen liquor jugs.
Quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
Rectangular <DELETE-SPACES> works in a similar manner, except
that all the characters within the rectangle are removed from the
file.
If you just move the cursor up or down, with no change in
column position, you will work with a rectangle whose width is the
same as last time (which is useful if you can remember what last
time's parameter was).
- 13 -
***************************************************************************
<SEARCH-FORWARD> ^R
<SEARCH-BACK> ^E
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: string (search key)
Cursor move: spaces (change of lines is illegal)
Token: uses token
Searches for the given string, from the cursor position to the
end of the file, or from the cursor position to the beginning of the
file. When the key is found, a page from the file is displayed with
the line containing the match one-third of the way down the screen.
If the match is on the page displayed at the start of the search the
cursor simply moves to the first character of the match.
A search can be aborted at any time by typing RUBOUT. This is
useful, for example, when your key was erroneously typed in lower
case and the file is entirely upper case. The screen will be
restored to its pre-search status.
CONTROL-? and CONTROL-LEFT-ARROW are wild search characters;
they will match any single character in their position. Thus the
command
<ENTER>THE^O?E<SEARCH-FORWARD>
(see the section on <ENTER-CONTROL-CHARACTER> to find out why ^O ?
sets up a CONTROL-?) will match on THESE, THERE, THEME, or THE
ERROR, among other things.
A useful feature: <ENTER>^OJGIG<SEARCH-FORWARD> searches for
the next line that begins with GIG.
HINT: Searches will go faster if the first character of the key is
uncommon. Thus searching for "XECUTE" will be faster than searching
for "EXECUTE", and will accomplish the same thing.
If the /CASE switch is set searches are case-dependent; if
/NOCASE they are case-independent (ie, "t" will match "t" or "T").
You can use the <RECALL> command to get back your current or
previous search key. See the section on <RECALL>.
To get back to where you were before a <SEARCH> command, type
<ENTER>P<MARKER>.
- 14 -
***************************************************************************
<SUBSTITUTE> ^~
Starting nominals: none
Parameters: Sstring, Rstring, or number
Cursor move: illegal
Token: illegal
<SUBSTITUTE> searches forward from the cursor position for a
string (the key) and substitutes another string (the substitute
string) for it. You can tell <SUBSTITUTE> how many times to repeat
the process.
There are three types of parameters to <SUBSTITUTE>:
<ENTER>Sstring1
<ENTER>Rstring2
<ENTER>number
The first sets up string1 as the search key. The string must
be preceded by the letter "S" (or "s"). The search key is shared
with the <SEARCH-FORWARD> and <SEARCH-BACKWARD> commands.
The second parameter sets up string2 as the entity to replace
occurrences of string1. The string must be preceded by the letter
"R" (or "r"). String2 may be null, meaning that string1 will be
deleted wherever it is found.
The third parameter tells how many times to perform the search
and substitute.
Searching is done the same as for the <SEARCH> commands, so
wild characters, case independence, and aborting the command with
RUBOUT all work.
One, two, or all three of these parameters may be given at
once, in any order. The command
<ENTER>SFOO<ENTER>Rfoo<ENTER>1000<SUBSTITUTE>
will change all occurrences of "FOO" to "foo" from the cursor to the
end of the file (well, 1000 times, anyway).
Following the above command with
<ENTER>SFUBAR<ENTER>1000<SUBSTITUTE>
will change all occurrences of "FUBAR" to "foo". Note that the
substitute key was not given, so it defaulted to its latest setting.
Sometimes it is useful to set up the parameters, think about
them, and perform the substitute when everything looks right. If
the numeric parameter is omitted, them <SUBSTITUTE> will set up the
- 15 -
key and substitute string, but will not execute. Thus the commands
1) <ENTER>SGIG<ENTER>RTHING<SUBSTITUTE>
2) <ENTER>1<SUBSTITUTE>
3) <SUBSTITUTE>
4) <ENTER>10<ENTER>STHIS<SUBSTITUTE>
5) <SUBSTITUTE>
work as follows:
1) Only sets up the parameters; makes no substitutions.
2) Does one <SUBSTITUTE> since there was a numeric parameter.
3) Also does one <SUBSTITUTE>.
4) Changes the search key to "THIS" and does 10 iterations.
(the replace key is still the same).
5) Also does 10 iterations.
Note: <SUBSTITUTE> is the only command for which multiple <ENTER>s
are meaningful. For other commands, all <ENTER>s except the first
one are ignored.
- 16 -
***************************************************************************
<PICK> ^V
Starting nominal: 1 line
Parameter: number of lines
Cursor move: lines; spaces counted from left margin
Token: uses token
Copies lines and/or partial lines from the file into the pick
buffer. The file is not changed. Words (instead of lines) can be
<PICK>ed using cursor movement or token picks.
If a pick of more than 100 lines is done, the pick buffer will
overflow and be written out on disk. Everything will work normally,
though. Picks of any size are permitted. However, there will be a
new file, nnnPIK.TMP, sitting around on disk.
The same discussion about overflow of the delete buffer applies
to overflow of the pick buffer.
EXAMPLES: Say the cursor is at the start of the first line of:
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
Now is the time for all good people to
come to the aid of their party.
If you type <ENTER>2<PICK> you will load the pick buffer with
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
There's a carriage return at the end of each line. You can avoid
picking the last carriage return by using cursor movement: typing
<ENTER><END-LINE><PICK> will load
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
into the pick buffer, without the trailing carriage return.
If you type <ENTER><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT>
<PICK> (6 RIGHTs) you will load
Pack m
And if you type <ENTER><DOWN><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><PICK> you will
pick up
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Qui
- 17 -
Normally, <PICK> clears the pick buffer each time before
writing it. However, there is a switch, /APPND, which causes <PICK>
to append to the buffer. It works as follows: Type
<ENTER>/APPND<SWITCH> to tell SED to append to the pick buffer.
When you do your first <PICK> after setting the /APPND switch the
pick buffer will be cleared and the text put into it. The second
<PICK> will be added at the end of the first, and so on. You can
<PUT> the buffer and then continue appending to it if you want. To
stop appending type the /NOAPPND switch. To clear the buffer and
keep appending type the /APPND switch again.
EXAMPLE: Suppose the text is (again):
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
Now is the time for all good people to
come to the aid of their party.
If you type <ENTER>/AP<SWITCH> and then <PICK> the 4th line, then
the 3rd, 1st, and 2nd lines, then <PUT>, you get:
come to the aid of their party.
Now is the time for all good people to
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
inserted into the file. The lines are sorted, for reason unknown.
Typing more <PICKS> will continue to append. If you then type
<ENTER>/AP<SWITCH> and do two <PICK>s, just the text from those last
two <PICK>s will be in the buffer.
You can append any kind of <PICK> to the buffer; full lines,
partial lines, single words, or a <PICK> using a <MARK> will all
work.
The /APPND and /NOAPPND switches do not affect the contents of
the pick buffer directly; they just tell the following <PICK>s what
to do.
- 18 -
***************************************************************************
<PUT> ^G
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: string (read into pick buffer)
Cursor move: spaces (change of lines is illegal)
Token: causes DELETE buffer to be PUT
<PUT> writes text from either the pick buffer or the delete
buffer into the file, at the cursor location. The contents of the
buffer is not changed. The normal use of this command is to <PICK>
something, move to a new location, and <PUT> it by simply typing
<PUT>. Or <DELETE-LINES> something, move, and insert it by typing
<ENTER><PUT>.
PUT is also used to insert a string directly at the cursor
position. The string is given as the parameter. If you type
<ENTER><string><PUT>
then <string> will be inserted at the cursor location. The string
will also be stored in the pick buffer, so it can be inserted
somewhere else by simply typing <PUT>.
EXAMPLE: The cursor is at the "t" of the word "thing"; you
type <ENTER><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><PICK>, thus
loading "thing " into the pick buffer using cursor movement. The
cursor is still at "thing". Now type <PUT>:
BEFORE: This is the thing of the gig
and the gig is where it's at
AFTER: This is the thing thing of the gig
and the gig is where it's at
Now do a <BEGIN-LINE> to get to the beginning of that line and type
<DELETE-LINES> (with the starting nominal of 1 already set up):
AFTER: and the gig is where it's at
The deleted line has been loaded into the delete buffer. Typing
<DOWN><ENTER><PUT> restores that line beneath the other one:
AFTER: and the gig is where it's at
This is the thing thing of the gig
Now position the cursor to the "w" of "where" and type
<ENTER>NOT<PUT>:
AFTER: and the gig is NOT where it's at
This is the thing thing of the gig
- 19 -
***************************************************************************
<MARK> PAD-7
No Parameters
Token: cancels mark
This command extends the <PICK> and <DELETE-LINES> commands
using cursor movement to work with arbitrarily large sections of
text (ie, not restricted to within the limits of the screen). When
MARK is typed SED stores the current cursor position. You can then
move to any other part of the file and type <PICK> (or
<DELETE-LINES>), and all the text between the mark and the ending
cursor position will be picked up (or deleted). It doesn't matter
whether the ending cursor position is before or after the mark.
Thus the <MARK> command temporarily changes the effect of a
<PICK> or <DELETE-LINES> without a parameter. When the <PICK> or
<DELETE> has been done, the mark is forgotten and those commands
perform normally again.
Typing <ENTER><MARK> will cancel the mark and restore the
screen to the way it was when you typed <MARK>.
The mark is also forgotten if you type any command which alters
the file (including typing a character). Every other command
retains the mark. You can get to the ending position any way you
want: <ROLLS>, <PERCENT-GOTO>, and <SEARCHES> are probably the most
useful ways.
Say the nominal number of lines to pick is 1. If you type:
<MARK>
<ENTER>10<ROLL-FORWARD-PAGES>
<PICK>
then 10 screens-full (say around 240 lines) of text will be
<PICK>ed. Those lines can be PUT in the normal way. If you now
type another <PICK> you will pick up 1 line.
To move back to the end of the marked region, type
<ENTER>P<MARKER>.
- 20 -
***************************************************************************
<MARKER> ^?
Starting nominal: none
Parameters: none, Sname, Gname, Kname, N, P, F
Cursor move: illegal
Token: Goes to default marker
<MARKER> sets markers (placeholders) in the file, goes to the
named marker, kills a marker name, and outputs the names of the
currently-defined markers. <MARKER> also is used to pop the marker
stack (described below).
Note: <MARKER> is different from the <MARK>, described above.
There are 11 markers. All except one (the "default" marker)
must be named. The default marker is easy to work with but it
doesn't have a name.
Type: To:
<MARKER> Set the default marker at current position
<ENTER><MARKER> Go to the default marker
<ENTER>Sname<MARKER> Set marker named "name" at current position
<ENTER>Gname<MARKER> Go to marker "name"
<ENTER>G<MARKER> Go to the latest-set marker
<ENTER>Kname<MARKER> Kill (delete) marker "name"
<ENTER>K*<MARKER> Kill all markers
<ENTER>N<MARKER> List the currently-defined marker names
<ENTER>P<MARKER> Pop the marker stack; go to popped location
<ENTER>F<MARKER> Pop the Marker Stack forward
When you set a marker, the position of the upper-left of the
screen is saved. When you go to a marker, SED displays the file at
the saved position, with the cursor home.
If you add or delete text in the file the marker may move some;
if so, it will usually be earlier in the file than you expect.
The marker stack is a list of the 8 most recent "interesting"
positions in the file. Positions are pushed on it automatically
when certain commands are typed (see below). Positions are popped
and moved to by typing <ENTER>P<MARKER> or <ENTER>F<MARKER>.
The screen position is pushed on the marker stack before each
of these commands is executed: <ROLL-PAGES>, <PERCENT-GOTO>,
<SEARCHES> (when the screen position changes). Also, if you use
<MARK> with <PICK> or <DELETE-LINES>, the end of the region is
stacked.
Thus <ENTER>P<MARKER> will get you back to where you were
before a search, or to the end of a <MARK>ed region. if you pop too
far and want to get back to a previously-popped marker, type
<ENTER>F<MARKER>.
- 21 -
***************************************************************************
<INSERT-MODE> PAD-ENT
No Parameters
This command toggles SED between REPLACE mode and INSERT mode.
In REPLACE mode when you type a character it replaces the one at the
cursor position. In INSERT mode the new character is placed before
the one at the cursor and the rest of the line is moved one position
to the right.
If SED is in REPLACE mode, typing <INSERT-MODE> will put it in
INSERT mode. Then typing <INSERT-MODE> will put the editor back in
REPLACE mode.
If you type the wrong character you can delete it using the
<DELETE-CHARACTER> command (see above).
Character strings can also be inserted in the file using the
PUT command, by typing <ENTER>string<PUT>.
Switches relevant to <INSERT-MODE>: /BEEP, /ICR, and /IMODE.
See the <SWITCH> command.
***************************************************************************
<SAVE-FILE> (none)
No parameters
Saves the current file without exiting.
BEWARE: <SAVE-FILE> is designed to work quickly, so it does
not eliminate nulls or trailing spaces from the file.
<SAVE-FILE><ABORT> is NOT the same as <EXIT>. If you have changed
the file be sure to end the session with an <EXIT>.
- 22 -
***************************************************************************
<SET-FILE> ^B
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: string (filespecs)
Cursor move: spaces (change of lines is illegal)
Token: uses filespec token
Looks up and displays the given file. Saves previous file on
disk. Saves position in previous file. If new file is not found,
returns to the previous file. A backup file is made if /BACKU is
set, else not.
The filespec parameter is in the usual form:
DEV:FILE.EXT[P,PN]. DEV: defaults to DSK:, [P,PN] defaults to your
own. If EXT is missing SED will try some extensions until one
succeeds: none, device (if you typed HLP:FILE, SED will look for
HLP:FILE.HLP), the extension of the previous file, MAC, TXT, RNO,
FOR, CBL, DAT (You can change this list of extensions by using the
/EXT: switch).
All of the switches described for the <SWITCH> command can be
given along with the file specs (for example, DSKD:FOO.BAR/NOTABS).
Particularly relevant are the following:
/AGAIN Set to the current file again. (or /AGAIN:n to set n percent
into the file). <ENTER>/AG<SET-FILE> is the same as typing
<ENTER>current-filespec<SET-FILE>.
/BACKU Create a backup file on exit or save.
/CREATE Create the file if it cannot be found.
/EXT:e,e Define the list of default extensions.
/GOTO:n Set to n percent into the new file.
/GREAD Set all files looked at to be read-only.
/ID:s,s Put an I.D. line at the beginning of the file when saving.
/OUT:fs Output the new file under the filespec "fs".
/QUICK Causes the file not to display after the <SET-FILE>.
/RCUR Causes the alternate file to remain and the current file to be
replaced by the new one.
/READ Declare the file read-only.
/STRIP Strip other editors' line numbers from the file.
/WRITE Declare that the file can be modified.
<SET-FILE> with no parameter will return to the previous file,
to the same page and cursor position as was last set up. The
current file will then become the new previous file. Thus you can
toggle back and forth between two files, after setting them up,
simply by typing <SET-FILE>s.
If /CREATE is set the file will be created if it is not found.
If /NOCREATE is set (which is the default), a "FILE NOT FOUND" error
will result. To force the file to be created, end the filespec
parameter with an "=". Then if the file exists it will be looked up
as usual, but if it does not exist a file with a clever message will
- 23 -
be materialized and set up for editing. SED will not overwrite an
existing file.
Exception: if you <SET-FILE> to your current file (so you can
look at two different places in the same file), SED will not save
the file. This is so the change of file pointers can take place as
quickly as possible. The file will be saved when you <SET-FILE> to
a different file or <EXIT> SED.
The file is only saved on a <SET-FILE> or an <EXIT>; editing
is only done to the in-core image of the file. During the save all
nulls are removed from the file (they are added in abundance during
editing), and trailing spaces and tabs are removed from each line
(unless /TRAIL is set) (NOTE: the file can also be saved using
<SAVE-FILE> or with the incremental save switches. However, in
order to save the file quickly those commands to not remove nulls
and trailing spaces and tabs. Therefore you should end every
editing session with a <SET-FILE> or <EXIT>).
To exit SED and forget all changes, use the <ABORT> command.
The file will be the way it was before you edited it.
Appendix A tells how filespecs default. Appendix B tells how
to move back and forth through a list of files.
- 24 -
***************************************************************************
<EXIT> ^Z
<ABORT> ^C
Parameters or token causes Exit and Go (EXIT only)
Saves the current file and exits to the monitor.
The editor writes the file nnnSED.TMP (where nnn is your job
number) containing the names and status of the last two files
edited. The next time you run the editor the latest of these files
will be automatically set up, with display and cursor position the
same as they were upon exit.
If any parameter is typed (or a token, ie, just <ENTER><EXIT>)
the editor will exit as above and run COMPIL. COMPIL will execute
the last compile-class command. Other programs can be run on exit;
see the /PROG: switch.
Unless told otherwise (see the <SWITCH> command) the editor
creates a backup file, with extension .BAK, containing the file the
way it was before editing.
<ABORT> does not save the file - the file ends up as it was
before the editing session.
The editor can be re-entered after a mistaken <EXIT> or <ABORT>
by typing REENTER.
***************************************************************************
<RESET> DELETE
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: ^ (up arrow) is the only meaningful parameter
Cursor move: undefined
Token: causes rewrite of single line
<RESET> can cancel an entered parameter, reset the cursor
position, rewrite a single line, or re-do the entire screen. It is
useful if you don't trust what you see. If you ever get a
"Timesharing ends" message while you're editing, you'll appreciate
being able to <RESET>.
<RESET> also repairs the bottom line of the screen if it has
been overwritten with status information.
To: Type:
Cancel a parameter <RESET>
Position the cursor properly <RESET>
Repair the bottom line <RESET>
Rewrite the line the cursor is on <ENTER><RESET>
Re-do the entire screen <ENTER>^<RESET>
- 25 -
***************************************************************************
<TAB-SET> ESC-S
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: C or D
Cursor move: illegal
Token: clear tab at cursor position
Sets, clears, and displays tab settings. To set a tab move the
cursor to the desired column and type <TAB-SET>. To clear the tab
at the cursor, type <ENTER><TAB-SET>. To clear all tabs type
<ENTER>C<TAB-SET>.
<ENTER>D<TAB-SET> displays a ruler on the bottom line of the
screen, with the tab settings marked by dashes, the left margin
(/LMARGN) by a slash, and the right margin (/RMARGN) by a backslash.
The ruler can be erased by typing <RESET>.
Tabs can also be set using the /TSET:n switch: /TSET:12 sets a
tab at column 12; /NOTSET:12 clears that tab. /TSET:14,52,36,76
sets tabs at the four given columns; /NOTSET:12,15 clears tabs.
/TSET is useful in SWITCH.INI or SED.INI and execute (.XCT) files.
See also the <TAB> and <SWITCH> commands.
- 26 -
***************************************************************************
<REWRITE> PAD-5
No parameters
Rewrites the entire terminal screen without changing anything.
<REWRITE> does the same thing as <ENTER>^<RESET>, above. <REWRITE>
is commonly used to repair a screen which has been messed up by a
system message or something.
***************************************************************************
<ENTER-CONTROL-CHARACTER> ^O
No parameters
Causes the next character typed to be a control character (a
character, now, not a command). Has no effect on commands. Thus if
you type in your file
ABC<ENTER-C-C>D
the characters A, B, C, and CONTROL-D will be placed in the file.
<ENTER-C-C> also works within parameters, so
<ENTER>ABC<ENTER-C-C>D<PUT>
will put A, B, C, CONTROL-D into the file.
Note: this command is the way to get a TAB or a FORMFEED (page
mark) into a file. For a TAB type <ENTER-C-C>I, and for a formfeed
type <ENTER-C-C>L.
***************************************************************************
<REAL-TAB> PAD-0
No Parameters
The <REAL-TAB> command is identical to typing
<ENTER-CONTROL-CHARACTER>I. It replaces the character at the cursor
with a tab character (or inserts it, if the editor is in insert
mode). <REAL-TAB> also can be used to put a tab in a parameter.
See also the <TAB> command, which just moves the cursor around
but does not change the file you are editing.
- 27 -
***************************************************************************
<SWITCH> ^N
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: string (switch name or names)
Cursor move: undefined
Token: query of nominal parameter settings
No Parameter: query of position and file status
<SWITCH> is used to tailor the operation of SED to the user and
to get status information. The default setting of each switch is
denoted as on (+) or off (-) where it is meaningful. To turn a
switch off type "NONAME" ("NOCASE", "NOUPPER", etc.) as the
parameter. You only have to type enough of the switch name to make
it unique (and "T" is good enough for TABS, "G" for GOTO).
You can set more than one switch in one command by separating
them with slashes, for example <ENTER>TABS:6/CASE/BACK<SWITCH>.
To give a slash as an argument to a switch, type "^/". Use
"^^" for up-arrow.
All of the switches below are mentioned along with the commands
they control, or in the appendices, except /HELP, /FENCE, /ITABS,
/MESSAG, /UPPER, and /ALT. They are described only here.
-APPND causes <PICK>s to append to the PICK buffer, not overwrite
it, until /NOAPPND or another /APPND is typed. See the
<PICK> command.
+BACKUP causes a backup file to be made on <SET-FILE> or <EXIT>.
The file has the extension .BAK. /NOBACKUP causes no backup
file to be made.
-BEEP causes the terminal to beep once when entering INSERT mode
and twice when entering REPLACE mode, instead of displaying
a message on the screen.
+CASE make searches case-dependent, ie, the key "THE" is different
from the key "the". /NOCASE causes the key "THE" to match
the first occurrence of "THE", "the", "tHe", &c.
-CREATE if <SET-FILE> cannot find a file, always create it. if
/NOCREATE is set the file will be created if the filespec
ends with an "=", otherwise SED will give an error.
-DELIM:CHARACTER-LIST specifies a set of delimiters used by wordwise
tabs. Example: With /DELIM:.,- a wordwise tab will stop
after a period, comma, or dash, as well as at the starts of
words. /NODELIM clears the list of characters. See the
section on <TAB> and <BACKTAB>.
- 28 -
-DTABS causes tabs to identify themselves. With /DTABS set, each
tab displays as highlighted "."s. The columns on the screen
are still aligned properly.
-EXT:EXTENSION-LIST sets up the list of default extensions (see
<SET-FILE>). Up to 10 extensions can be given. Example:
/EXT:MAC,CTL,CMD.
+FENCE causes the normal fence to be displayed after the end of the
file. /NOFENCE causes a short, discreet fence to be
displayed.
-FILL causes <JUSTIFY> to align the text against the right margin.
/NOFILL gives a ragged right margin.
-GREAD causes all files to be set read-only until /NOGREAD is set.
Can be overridden for the current file by /WRITE or /NOREAD.
+HELP enables on-line help when <ENTER><ENTER> is typed.
+ICR causes a carriage return typed in INSERT mode to insert a
carriage return. /NOICR causes the cursor to move to the
start of the next line.
-ID when the file is saved, /ID causes a new first line to be
added to the file. The line contains the filespec, the date
and time, and the name of the user who edited the file. The
line starts with a ";". /ID:s1 will make the line start
with "s1" (5 characters or fewer). /ID:s1,s2 will also make
the line end with "s2". Use "^/" to get a "/".
+INVRT tells the <CASE> command to invert case. /NOINVRT tells
<CASE> to use the setting of the /RAISE switch.
-ISAVE:n causes an incremental save of the file every n commands.
Default is n=0 (ie, no incremental saves) (#).
+ITABS if you type something beyond the end of a line SED will
insert spaces so the character is properly positioned. If
/ITABS is set SED will try to use as many tabs as possible
instead of spaces. /NOITABS causes SED to use only spaces.
-JOURN starts a journal. See Appendix D for information on
journaling.
JPRE:STRING causes <JUSTIFY> to delete STRING from the start of
each line, if it's present, and to begin each line of the
justified text with STRING.
LENG:n causes SED to think your terminal is n lines long. Good for
limiting the amount of information written on a slow
terminal. See Appendix C.
- 29 -
LMAR:n sets the left margin to be column n. The default is 1. See
Appendix C to find out about margins.
+MESSAG enables the cheery message on startup and the "this file is"
message in a new file. /NOMESSAG causes those messages not
to be given.
OUT:FILESPEC changes the name of the file being edited (or being
set to, if the switch is given in a <SET-FILE> or the run
command) to be FILESPEC.
-PAGE causes <SWITCH> to output your position as PAGE-LINE, rather
than LINES from start of file. Pages are delimited by
formfeeds (^L).
-PIND:n sets the paragraph indentation for the <JUSTIFY> command to
be n spaces.
PROG:FILE sets up the name of the system program to be run when you
type <ENTER><EXIT>. The default is COMPIL. The switch
/PROG:RUNOFF will cause RUNOFF to be run instead.
+RAISE used by the <CASE> command if /NOINVRT is set. /RAISE tells
<CASE> to change lower case to upper. /NORAISE tells <CASE>
to change upper case to lower.
-READ makes the file read-only. /READ is the opposite of /WRITE.
-RESET causes the starting nominal parameters to be reset after
each command. When set, <ENTER>5<INSERT-LINE><INSERT-LINE>
will insert 6 lines. Under /NORESET those commands will
insert 10 lines.
RMAR:n sets the right margin to be column n. Default is the width
of the screen. See Appendix C to find out about margins.
+ROLL causes <CARRIAGE-RETURN> when the cursor is at the bottom of
the screen to roll forward one line. If /NOROLL is set,
<RETURN> causes the cursor to wrap around to the top line of
the screen (see also /SCROLL).
-SAVE:n causes an incremental save of the file every n characters of
typein. Default is n=0 (ie, no incremental saves) (#).
-SCROLL causes a <CURSOR-UP> at the top of the screen, or a
<CURSOR-DOWN> at the bottom, to roll one line (see also
/ROLL). Note: to get to the bottom line when /SCROLL is
set, type <HOME><CURSOR-LEFT>.
-SHOW causes <EXECUTE> to display as it is working. /NOSHOW
updates the screen only when the <EXECUTE> is done.
- 30 -
+SLIDE:n sets the nominal parameter for the <SLIDE> commands to n.
/NOSLIDE disables the <SLIDE>s (no action is taken when they
are typed).
-STRIP causes SOS line numbers to be stripped from the file when it
is read in. /NOSTRIP just marks the file read-only.
+TABS makes <TAB> and <BACKTAB> use the usual tab positions.
/NOTABS sets up wordwise TABS. See the TAB/BACKTAB section
(*).
-TRAIL causes trailing spaces and tabs to be preserved in the file
when it is saved. /NOTRAIL causes trailing things to be
stripped. Warning: SED adds trailing spaces sometimes, so
set /NOTRAIL only on special occasions.
TSET:n sets a tab at column n. /NOTSET:n clears that tab. Also,
/TSET:n1,n2,n3 will set tabs at the given columns. See the
<TAB-SET> command.
-UPPER causes all alphabetic characters to be converted to upper
case. Useful for a terminal whose shift lock shifts all
characters.
WIDTH:n causes SED to think the terminal is n characters wide.
Good for terminals which can change their widths, like the
VT100. See Appendix C.
+WRITE allows the current file to be altered. /NOWRITE causes
commands which change the file become illegal, so the file
cannot be modified accidentally.
(#) /ISAVE and /SAVE should be used together. When either becomes
zero the file is saved and both counters are reset. See also
Appendix D.
(*) You can also type /TABS:n to set up tab stops every n positions.
Default is TABS:8. Also, /TABS:W sets wordwise tabs (same as
/NOTABS) and /TABS:R sets regular tabs (same as /TABS).
There are four other places you can use these switches: as part
of the monitor-level RUN command, in the <SET-FILE> command, in your
SWITCH.INI or SED.INI file, and in an execute (.XCT - see the
<EXECUTE> command) file. You can do things like
.R SED;FILE.EXT/NOCASE/TABS:5
or
<ENTER>FILE.EXT/GOTO:50<SET-FILE>
and if your SWITCH.INI or SED.INI contains the line
SED/NOCASE/UPPER
- 31 -
SED will set switches for searching independently of case and for
upper case characters each time it is run.
There are several switches which are not meaningful in the
<SWITCH> command but can be used with the other four methods:
AGAIN used in a <SET-FILE> command. If you are editing FILE.FOO,
typing <ENTER>/AG<SET-FILE> acts the same as if the
parameter were "FILE.FOO". Also, /AG:nn acts the same as
/AG/GO:nn - the numeric argument is a percentage of the way
into the file. Do not use explicit filespecs with /AGAIN.
ALT used when running SED. Swaps the current and alternate
files you were editing last time. Also, /ALT:nn acts the
same as /ALT/GO:nn.
GOTO:PERC used when running SED or doing a <SET-FILE>. The file
will be displayed starting PERC percent of the way through.
If /GOTO, no argument, is used SED will use the current
percent value.
-IMODE puts SED in insert mode. /NOIMODE puts it in replace mode.
This switch can also be used in execute buffers ($IM^SW).
-QUICK causes the file not to display after the <SET-FILE>. This
is useful on a slow terminal when you are not interested in
what is on the first page of display.
RCUR used with <SET-FILE>; causes the current filespecs, rather
than the alternate specs, to be replaced by the given ones.
Useful for "keeping your finger" in one file (the alternate)
while looking at several others.
RECOV typing SED/REC at monitor level tells SED to recover the
previous session using the journal. See Appendix D for
information on journaling.
X:NAME:txt used in SWITCH.INI or SED.INI to set up an execute
buffer named NAME with contents txt. See the <EXECUTE>
command for details.
The <SWITCH> command has two other functions: to get
information about the file you are editing and to find out the
current parameter settings. You get the former by typing just
<SWITCH>, the latter by typing <ENTER><SWITCH>. The information is
written on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line can be
cleaned up by typing <RESET>.
The file information consists of the current file name, the
line and position the cursor is on (that's the line and position in
the file, not the row and column on the screen), the percent through
the file, and the name of the alternate file (if any). For example,
- 32 -
FILE: *SED.RNO[401,127] LINE: 534(67%) POS: 1 ALT: FOO.BAR[10,15]
says that the current file is SED.RNO (the "*" indicates that
SED.RNO has been modified), the cursor is at the start of the 534th
line, which is 67% through the file, and the alternate file is
FOO.BAR (The "LINE" field can be made a "PAGE-LINE" field. See the
/PAGE switch).
To find out how many lines lie between a given line and the
beginning of the file, position the cursor to the desired line and
type <SWITCH>. This function may not occur immediately, since SED
has to go back to the beginning of the file and count every line.
Typing <ENTER><SWITCH> will give you the current parameter
settings. The bottom line of the screen will look something like:
RL:8 RP:1 PC:2 SL:8 IL:1 IS:8 PK:3,8 CS:1 SU:5 TB:8; KEY:th SUB:FOO
This message tells you that the following values are set:
LINES TO ROLL: 8
PAGES TO ROLL: 1
PERCENT-GOTO: 2
SLIDE: 8
INSERT/DELETE LINES: 1 LINE AND 0 SPACES
INSERT/DELETE SPACES: 8
PICK: 3 LINES AND 8 SPACES
CHANGE-CASE PARAMETER: 1
NUMBER OF SUBSTITUTES: 5
TAB SIZE: 8
SEARCH KEY: th
SUBSTITUTE STRING: FOO
So if you type a <PERCENT-GOTO> command with no parameter you
will go to the 2% point, a <DELETE-LINES> will delete 1 line (and
<INSERT-LINES> will insert 1 line), and a PICK will pick up 3 lines.
Remember that you can use cursor movement to tell <PICK> and
<INSERT/DELETE-LINES> to work with both a number of lines and a
number of spaces; thus their parameters are expressed as two values
above.
Tab size is controlled by the /TABS switch. If wordwise tabs
are in effect the tab size is "W". Similarly, settable tabs are
indicated by "S".
- 33 -
***************************************************************************
<RECALL> PAD-RED
Starting nominal: none
Parameter: type of thing to recall
Cursor move: ignored
Token: ignored
Simulates an <ENTER> with the latest parameter typed. When
<RECALL> is typed the latest parameter appears at the bottom of the
screen and the editor is placed in <ENTER> mode. You can add to or
delete from the parameter and then pass that parameter to a command
by typing that command.
The <RECALL> command is useful in three instances: when you
have typed the wrong parameter to a command and want to correct it
with a minimum of typing, when you have given the right parameter to
the wrong command (in which case you can just type
<RECALL><RIGHT-COMMAND>), and when you just want to see what the
latest parameter was.
<RECALL> uses the first character of its parameter to recall
some specific information. Type <ENTER><char><RECALL> to get the
following:
char THING RECALLED
F Current Filespecs
A Alternate Filespecs
S Current Search Key
O Previous (Old) Search Key
R Substitute String
After you recall one of these things you can use it as if you typed
it in: For example, <ENTER>F<RECALL><PUT> will put the current
filespecs into the file.
***************************************************************************
<HELP> PAD-3
No explicit parameters
Token: Recovers from a delete command
Asks for on-line help. When <HELP> is typed SED asks for the
command to give help for and waits for you to type any command. SED
then tells you something about the command and asks for another.
Typing "G" or "g" instead of a command will return you to the file.
Try it.
<HELP><HELP> gives a layout of the commands on the terminal.
Typing <ENTER><HELP> will put back the text deleted by the
latest <DELETE-CHARACTER>, <ERASE-WORD>, <DELETE-SPACES> or
<ERASE-LINE> command.
- 34 -
***************************************************************************
<CASE> PAD-9
Starting nominal: 1 character
Parameter: number of characters
Cursor move: characters and/or lines
Token: uses token
The <CASE> command changes the case of the letters starting
where the cursor is. Two switches control way <CASE> works: /INVRT
and /RAISE. If /INVRT is set (default) then the case of all the
letters is inverted: upper is changed to lower and lower to upper.
If /NOINVRT is set then the setting of /RAISE is used. Lower
case letters will be changed to upper case if the /RAISE switch is
set; if /NORAISE, upper case letters will be changed to lower case.
Cursor movement can be used to make <CASE> work across more
than one line.
EXAMPLE: The cursor is at the start of "BOX" and you type
<ENTER><RIGHT><RIGHT><RIGHT><CASE>:
BEFORE: PACK MY BOX WITH FIVE DOZEN LIQUOR JUGS.
QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG.
AFTER: PACK MY box WITH FIVE DOZEN LIQUOR JUGS.
QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG.
You then type <ENTER><RETURN><CASE>:
AFTER: PACK MY box with five dozen liquor jugs.
QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG.
***************************************************************************
<WINDOW> PAD-1
No Parameters
The <WINDOW> command allows two files to appear on the terminal
screen at the same time. The files each occupy half of the screen,
one on top of the other.
Type <WINDOW> to divide the screen. The file you are currently
editing will be displayed in the top window. If you then do a
<SET-FILE>, the new file will appear in the bottom window. Another
<SET-FILE> will get you back to the top window, and so on.
To get back to normal, non-windowing operations, type <WINDOW>
again. The split screen will go away and the file you are currently
editing will occupy the entire screen.
- 35 -
***************************************************************************
<JUSTIFY> ESC-J
Starting nominal: 1 line
Parameter: number of lines, or "C" to center line
Cursor move: lines (change in spaces is ignored)
Token: justify to end of paragraph
Justifies or centers text within the left and right margins.
The number of spaces to indent a new paragraph (positive, negative,
or zero) may also be given, as well as a string to be removed from
the start of each raw line and added to each justified line. The
text can be made flush against the right margin ("filled") or left
ragged.
<JUSTIFY> works from the start of the line the cursor is on for
the number of lines given explicitly or using cursor movement. If
<ENTER><JUSTIFY> is typed the command works from the line the cursor
is on to the end of the paragraph (The end of a paragraph is
signaled by a blank line or a line which begins with spaces or tabs.
The line the cursor is on is always the start of a paragraph; the
last line of the range is always the end of a paragraph).
A new paragraph in the justified text begins with a blank line
and the indentation given by /PIND:.
Switches used by <JUSTIFY>:
/JPRE:s delete string s from each input line;
begin each output line with string s.
/LMAR:n set the left margin to be column n.
/RMAR:n set the right margin to be column n.
/PIND:n set the paragraph indentation to be n columns.
/FILL make a straight right margin (/NOFILL == ragged).
To center the line the cursor is on, type <ENTER>C<JUSTIFY>.
The line will be centered between the left and right margins.
EXAMPLE: The cursor is somewhere in the first line. You type
<ENTER>JPRE:;/RMAR:55/PIND:3<SWITCH> and then <ENTER>5<JUSTIFY>.
BEFORE:
;When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one
;people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
AFTER:
; When in the course of human events it becomes
;necessary for one people to dissolve the political
;bands which have connected them.
; Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
- 36 -
EXAMPLE: The cursor is somewhere in the line. You type
<ENTER>/RMAR:68<SWITCH> and then <ENTER>c<JUSTIFY>.
BEFORE:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AFTER:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXAMPLES: The cursor is somewhere in the first line. You type
<ENTER>RMAR:55/PIND:3<SWITCH> and then <ENTER><JUSTIFY>.
BEFORE:
When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
AFTER:
When in the course of human events it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Now you type <ENTER>FILL<SWITCH> and <ENTER><JUSTIFY>.
AFTER:
When in the course of human events it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Now you type <ENTER>LM:10/RM:68/PI:-5<SWITCH> and <ENTER>5<JUSTIFY>.
AFTER:
When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political bands which have
connected them.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
Beware: The lines above all begin with spaces, therefore if you try
to justify them again SED will treat them as four separate
paragraphs. Delete the leading spaces from the lines which are not
the beginning of a paragraph before justifying it a second time.
- 37 -
***************************************************************************
<EXECUTE> ^X
Starting nominal: 0
Parameter: number (iterations)
No Parameter: closes execute buffer, if open
does nominal iterations, if buffer closed
Cursor move: spaces (change of lines is illegal)
Token: opens execute buffer
This command allows you to store a sequence of commands in a
command buffer, and later execute that sequence as many times as
desired. A command buffer can be made to look like an editor
command (where pressing a button on the terminal will cause the
buffer to execute once). It is easy to do things like removing the
first 16 spaces from every line of the file, or causing each
occurrence of JU&$ to be at the start of a new line.
<EXECUTE> is a complicated command. This section explains the
basics of how to use one <EXECUTE> buffer. The next two sections
deal with advanced <EXECUTE> features.
The procedure for using the <EXECUTE> command is as follows:
first open the execute buffer by typing <ENTER><EXECUTE>. From now
until the buffer is closed everything that you type will have its
effect on the file and the screen, and also be saved in the execute
buffer. Do one iteration of the sequence. Close the execute buffer
by typing only <EXECUTE>.
When you want to execute that command sequence, figure out how
many times you want to do it (a large number, if you want as many as
possible; it will stop on an error like "Search failure"). For 10
iterations type
<ENTER>10<EXECUTE>
The command sequence in the execute buffer will be issued 10 times,
just as if you had typed the commands yourself. Except for one
thing: the display screen will not change until the execute is
done. This saves time. However, every 8 times the entire buffer
has been executed, the terminal will beep so you can tell it is
still working. So there should be 2 beeps from the command above.
When the execute is done the screen will be re-displayed to
show what it looks like after the last iteration.
An <EXECUTE> can be aborted early by typing RUBOUT. The
command will stop immediately and return control to you. The file
will have been changed by the commands which have been issued before
you aborted the <EXECUTE>.
- 38 -
Some helpful suggestions: set up your nominals before you open
the command buffer. For example, you might type
<ENTER><EXECUTE>
<ENTER>XYZ<SEARCH-FORWARD>
ABC
<EXECUTE>
which will set up to change XYZ's to ABC's. Instead type
<ENTER>XYZ<SEARCH-FORWARD>
<CURSOR-UP>
<ENTER><EXECUTE>
<SEARCH-FORWARD>
ABC
<EXECUTE>
This does the same thing, although it requires more typing. But the
benefit is that the work of setting up the search key is not done
every time the command is iterated. The time savings from this
gambit can be enormous for a complicated sequence or a lot of
iterations (and you'll be just twiddling your thumbs and listening
to beeps while all this happens). There is another advantage: the
nominals can be changed, resulting in a similar but different
command sequence at minimum setup cost. For example, suppose the
lower sequence above had been typed. Now change all XYZ's to ABC's:
<ENTER>0<PERCENT>
<ENTER>10000<EXECUTE>
Fine. But it so happens that all xyz's want to be changed to ABC's,
too. Just type:
<PERCENT>
<ENTER>xyz<SEARCH-FORWARD>
<CURSOR-UP>
<EXECUTE>
This will search for all occurrences (or the first 10000,
whichever comes first) of xyz and change them to ABC. It iterates
10000 times because that is the nominal set up by the previous
<EXECUTE>. The <CURSOR-UP> is so the first match will be found by
the first iteration; if the cursor were pointing at it, it would be
skipped.
Note: if xyz were wanted to be changed to abc (instead of
ABC), you would need to reload the execute buffer, since the ABC is
not a command nominal. For the record, an absolutely arbitrary
"change all occurrences of ?? to ??" command can be set up by the
following:
- 39 -
<ENTER><STRING><SEARCH-FORWARD>
<ENTER><length of above string><DELETE-SPACES>
<ENTER><STRING1><PUT>
<ENTER><EXECUTE>
<SEARCH-FORWARD>
<DELETE-SPACES>
<PUT>
<EXECUTE>
This sets up <EXECUTE> to change all occurrences of STRING to
STRING1 (except the first two, which you have done yourself by hand.
The first sets up the command parameters and the second saves the
commands in the execute buffer). To change all STRING2's to
STRING3's, type
<ENTER><STRING2><SEARCH-FORWARD>
<ENTER><length of above string><DELETE-SPACES>
<ENTER><STRING3><PUT>
and then execute; the rest has already been set up.
Another use of the <EXECUTE> command is to do something to the
same part of every line in the file. For example, suppose you had a
batch output file and you wanted to pretty it up by removing all the
time tags - the first 16 characters of every line. Move to the
start of the first line of the file and type
<ENTER>16<DELETE-SPACES>
<ENTER>1<ROLL-FORWARD-LINES>
That sets up the nominal parameter values. Now load the execute
buffer:
<ENTER><EXECUTE>
<DELETE-SPACES>
<CURSOR-DOWN>
<ROLL-FORWARD-LINES>
<EXECUTE>
Then execute the sequence by typing <ENTER>10000<EXECUTE>. Note
that the <ROLL> is necessary because without it, when the execute
got to last line on the screen the <DOWN> would position the cursor
back at the first line on the screen. Note also that the <DOWN> is
not really needed for this particular sequence since the <ROLL> will
kick the cursor down a line (since the cursor is at the top of the
screen). But if you were working with lines in the middle of the
screen, or deleting characters from the middle of a line, you would
want the <CURSOR-DOWN>.
Use the /SHOW switch to tell SED whether to display execution
as it happens (/SHOW) or just to re-display the screen when the
entire execute is complete (/NOSHOW, the default).
- 40 -
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT <EXECUTE>
Sections:
SETTING UP A BUFFER
WRITING A BUFFER
TWO WAYS OF READING THE CONTENTS OF A BUFFER
FINDING OUT WHAT THE NAMES OF THE BUFFERS ARE
KILLING A BUFFER
SETTING UP EXECUTE BUFFERS IN SWITCH.INI OR SED.INI
EXAMPLES OF EXECUTE SEQUENCES
There are a number of execute buffers (normally 32), so a
variety of different command sequences can be set up and iterated.
Each buffer can be given a name up to five characters long. Names
can be defined or deleted as desired. Buffers can be written either
by opening them and allowing commands to be stored, as described in
the previous section, or directly using the WRITE-BUFFER format
described below. One buffer has a default name: null (it's the
buffer that was described in the basic <EXECUTE> section above).
There are also conditional execute commands (such as IF and DO
WHILE), and a way to connect an execute buffer to a command key or
sequence, so that pressing the key will execute the buffer once
(thus creating your own meta-command). Also, execute buffer
definitions can be stored in a disk file and read in when needed.
All these things will be taken up in the next section.
The <EXECUTE> command can be in one of the following formats:
<ENTER>S<name><EXECUTE> set up buffer with given name
<ENTER>K<name><EXECUTE> kill buffer with given name
<ENTER>N<EXECUTE> get list of buffer names
<ENTER>W<sequence><EXECUTE> write sequence into active buffer
<ENTER>R<name><EXECUTE> read name & contents of buffer
<ENTER>R<EXECUTE> read active buffer
<ENTER>L<name><EXECUTE> list contents of buffer
<ENTER>L<EXECUTE> list active buffer
<ENTER><EXECUTE> open active buffer
<EXECUTE> close or execute active buffer
<ENTER><number><EXECUTE> execute active buffer n times
Note that the WRITE format, and READ and LIST with no argument,
work with the active execute buffer, meaning the one that was most
recently set up (using the S format). Originally the active buffer
is the null buffer.
All characters typed in these formats are meaningful. So don't
put in any spaces unless you really want them.
- 41 -
***************************************************************************
SETTING UP A BUFFER
The general procedure for working with an execute buffer is to
set it up, write it, then execute it.
To define and write a new buffer: choose a name, say "FOO",
and set up the buffer by typing
<ENTER>SFOO<EXECUTE>
Names can be up to five characters long and can consist of any
printing characters.
The S format is also used to set to a buffer which has already
been created. A buffer must be set before it is written (the W
format), read (R), listed (L), or executed. The S format will look
for a buffer of the given name and make it and its contents active
if it exists; if no buffer by that name exists, it will create one
(which is empty). To set to the null buffer type <ENTER>S<EXECUTE>.
***************************************************************************
WRITING A BUFFER
After creating the buffer named FOO you can write a command
sequence into it in the usual way, by typing <ENTER><EXECUTE> to
open the buffer, the desired sequence of commands, and <EXECUTE> to
close it. Note that setting up the buffer name with the S format
does NOT open the buffer.
The execute buffer can also be written directly, without having
the commands take effect on the screen (using the W WRITE format).
The WRITE format works with the active buffer. For example,
following the above set command with
<ENTER>W$THING^SF$5^DS$HACK^PT<EXECUTE>
will load the buffer names FOO with a sequence of commands which
searches for an occurrence of "THING", deletes it, and inserts
"HACK". The buffer is loaded with the following command sequence:
<ENTER>THING<SEARCH-FORWARD>
<ENTER>5<DELETE-SPACES>
<ENTER>HACK<PUT>
Writing into the execute buffer requires a language to describe
the editor commands, since typing them directly will cause them to
take effect. Appendix E is a list of the editor commands and the
sequences that <EXECUTE> uses to describe them. In general they are
"^" followed by two or three letters which describe the command.
<ENTER-PARAMETER> is a dollar sign.
- 42 -
For another example, to load the active buffer with a sequence
to put an "X" at the cursor position, move to the position
underneath, and roll the screen one line, type
<ENTER>WX^CL^CD$1^RFL<EXECUTE>
This sets up the buffer with the following command sequences:
X
<CURSOR-LEFT>
<CURSOR-DOWN>
<ENTER>1<ROLL-FORWARD-LINES>
Of course, the execute will run faster if the parameters are
set up in advance, not in the sequence itself.
The execute buffer does not have to be opened in order to write
it using the W format, nor does it have to be closed afterward.
Those two formats apply only when you want to save commands as they
are issued, as described in the previous section.
After the buffer has been written it can be executed in the
normal fashion, by typing <ENTER><number><EXECUTE>.
If you want to do the same series of commands several times in
a row, you can give a repeat count. For example, ^4(^CR) is the
same as ^CR^CR^CR^CR. Any series of commands can be repeated up to
4000 times.
To put a real up-arrow in a buffer type "^^" (two up-arrows).
To put in a real dollar sign type "^$". Within a repeat, a real
close parenthesis must be given as "^)". When using the /X:
switch, use "^/" to mean a real slash (to distinguish it from the
start of the next switch).
You can use cursor movement to read a buffer definition from
the file you are editing, so a useful way of experimenting with
execute buffers is to put the buffer definition in your file,
preceded by the "W" for the WRITE format. Position to the "W", move
the cursor to the end of the line, and type <EXECUTE>. If the
command sequence is not quite right, change it in the file and use
cursor movement to pick it up again.
***************************************************************************
TWO WAYS OF READING THE CONTENTS OF A BUFFER
There are two ways you can see what is in an execute buffer:
LISTing and READing. LIST presents the buffer in a manner
compatible with the WRITE format; READ presents it in a style that
can be <PUT> into execute files or SWITCH.INI or SED.INI.
- 43 -
To see what is in a buffer, type <ENTER>L<name><EXECUTE>. The
active buffer can be read by typing <ENTER>L<EXECUTE>. The null
buffer must be made active before it is read (using the S format).
Typing <ENTER>L<EXECUTE> will cause a line like
W$THING^SF$5^DS$HACK^PT
to be put into the parameter buffer and displayed on the screen.
This line can be treated just like a parameter that you have typed:
you can edit it and type <EXECUTE> again to load the edited version
into the buffer, or use <PUT> to insert it into the file (where it
can be copied or modified at will, and later reloaded by typing
<ENTER><END-LINE>(EXECUTE>.
Similarly, you can type <ENTER>R<name><EXECUTE> (or
<ENTER>R<EXECUTE> to read the active buffer). This format gives you
a little more data: READing the FOO buffer will cause the line
/X:FOO:$THING^SF$5^DS$HACK^PT
to be put into the parameter buffer and displayed on the screen.
Again, you can treat this line like a parameter that you have typed,
for example to store the command string in SWITCH.INI or SED.INI or
some other file by doing a READ and a <PUT>. For more about these
switch files, see the section on reading execute files from disk.
Note: The output of the L or R formats may be too long to fit in
the parameter buffer. In that case the output will be truncated to
fit in the parameter buffer and SED will beep to tell you it's taken
liberties with your buffer.
***************************************************************************
FINDING OUT WHAT THE NAMES OF THE BUFFERS ARE
Typing <ENTER>N<EXECUTE> will fill the bottom line of the
screen with the names of the buffers.
***************************************************************************
KILLING A BUFFER
If all the execute buffers are set up and you try to SET
another one, SED will inform you that all the buffers are in use and
suggest you kill one of them. You do that using the K format: to
kill the buffer FOO type
<ENTER>KFOO<EXECUTE>
That name will go away and the buffer will be cleared, and it will
be available to be set to something new.
The null buffer can be killed by typing <ENTER>K<EXECUTE>.
- 44 -
***************************************************************************
SETTING UP EXECUTE BUFFERS IN SWITCH.INI OR SED.INI
Frequently-used command sequences can be put in SWITCH.INI or
SED.INI so they will be set up automatically when SED is run. An
example of an execute switch is:
/X:NAME:$gig^PT^RT
which sets up execute buffer "NAME" with the command sequence to do
a <PUT> and a carriage return.
You can copy an execute buffer into SWITCH.INI or SED.INI (or
any file) by typing <ENTER>R<name><EXECUTE> and then <PUT>.
***************************************************************************
EXAMPLES OF EXECUTE SEQUENCES
^8($5^DS^CD)^RFL
(where the <ROLL-LINES> parameter is set to 8). This deletes 5
characters from the same column of each of 8 lines, then rolls the
screen 8 lines.
$^ECJ^EC?^EC?^EC?^ECM^SF^DL
This will delete all lines which are exactly three characters long.
It looks for lines which have exactly three characters between a
linefeed (the end of the previous line) and a carriage return.
^SF^LN^PK^RT^FL^PT^RT^FL
(where some search key has been set up, the <PICK> parameter is 1,
and the alternate file is the end of the current file). This copies
all lines which contain a match of the search key to the end of the
file. It searches for a match, gets to the start of the line,
<PICK>s the line, sets to the alternate file (which is the end of
the current file), <PUT>s the line, and <SET-FILE>s back. Note that
there will never be a search failure. The alternate file could be a
separate file, but then the two files will have to be read and
written on disk for each <SET-FILE>, which will slow the sequence
down considerably. The set of matching lines can easily be
transferred from the end of the file to any other file when the
execute has completed.
- 45 -
ADVANCED EXECUTE BUFFER FEATURES
Sections:
WRITING AND EXECUTING IN ONE COMMAND
SETTING INITIAL PARAMETERS FOR AN EXECUTE
CONNECTING EXECUTE BUFFERS TO TERMINAL KEYS
READING EXECUTE BUFFERS FROM DISK
CONDITIONAL EXECUTE CONSTRUCTS
THE EXECUTE COUNTER
The story of <EXECUTE> is not over yet.
WRITING AND EXECUTING IN ONE COMMAND
You can write a sequence of commands into the active buffer and
immediately execute the buffer a given number of times by using the
X format:
<ENTER>Xn:<sequence><EXECUTE> write buffer & execute n times
The X format is useful for doing a one-shot series of commands.
***************************************************************************
SETTING INITIAL PARAMETERS FOR AN EXECUTE
The START-UP construct allows you to define parameters and
switches at the beginning of an execute. The format of START-UP is:
START-UP . . . . . . . . . . . ^ST( ... )
The contents of the START-UP block is executed only once, at
the start of the execute. The parameters of commands in the
START-UP block are set up but the commands themselves are not
executed. Thus the START-UP block is used to initialize command
parameters. Switches can also be set in the block using the
<SWITCH> command.
For example the construct ^ST($1^IS$gig^SF) will set the
<INSERT-SPACES> parameter and the search key, but will not perform
either command.
Initializing can speed up an execute buffer a lot. For example
^ST($THING^SF$2^DS)^SFGIG^DS
acts the same as
$THING^SFGIG$2^DS
but is much more efficient since the parameters are set up once in
the first case and once per iteration in the second. Parsing those
parameters takes time.
- 46 -
The START-UP block can also be used to set switches which will
be in effect during the execute:
^ST($NC/T:8/NIM^SW) or
^ST($NC+T:8+NIM^SW)
initializes for case-independent searches, tab length of 8, and no
INSERT mode during the execute. The second form above must be used
in SWITCH.INI or SED.INI or an indirect (.XCT) execute file, since a
"/" marks the start of a new buffer definition or switch.
***************************************************************************
CONNECTING EXECUTE BUFFERS TO TERMINAL KEYS
You can set up any command sequence to call one iteration of an
execute buffer. A command sequence is a string of characters which
begins with a control character. The action of the commands in the
buffer will be displayed on the screen as it happens. You can use
this capability, in effect, to define new commands to SED.
There is one more EXECUTE format:
<ENTER>B<EXECUTE> connect active buffer to button
After you type this format SED will ask you to press any key
followed by the letter "G" (or "g"). SED will take the sequence
output by that key as the invocation of the currently active buffer.
Making some other buffer active has no effect on this relationship.
Changing the contents of the buffer also has no effect, but remember
that if you change the buffer something new will happen when you
press the key.
After you have typed <ENTER>B<EXECUTE> you can type any command
sequence you want. The sequence can be a control character, a
special key, or any string of characters which begins with a control
character. If you type
<ENTER>B<EXECUTE>
<ESCAPE>XG
then the buffer would be executed once when you typed <ESCAPE>X
(there is a way to make <ENTER>n<ESCAPE>X cause the buffer to be
executed n times; see the section about the execute counter,
below).
The sequence of characters can even be one which already
invokes an editor command, so you can replace commands you don't use
with new ones of your own design.
You can undefine a key by making its buffer active and typing
<ENTER>B<EXECUTE>G (ie, re-defining its key to nothing).
- 47 -
The key definition can be set up with the buffer in SWITCH.INI
or SED.INI. The expanded format of the SWITCH.INI line is:
/X:NAME,^[X:$gig^PT^RT
which sets up a buffer named NAME with <ENTER>gig<PUT><RETURN>, and
assigns it to the sequence <ESCAPE>X. ("^[" == CONTROL-[ ==
<ESCAPE>. All the stuff between the comma and the colon is taken as
the key definition. The key definition can be omitted.
Note: RUBOUT (or DELETE) can be part of the command sequence.
If you read the execute buffer the RUBOUT will appear as "^?".
***************************************************************************
READING EXECUTE BUFFERS FROM DISK
There is yet another <EXECUTE> format:
<ENTER>@FILE.EXT<EXECUTE> read from the given file
This causes the buffer definitions and switches in FILE.EXT to be
set up. The previous definitions are erased. Thus the disk file
can contain the definition of an entire special user environment.
The disk file looks like a list of switches. SED will skip
characters until it finds a "/", so the first several lines can be
used for comments. But be sure there's not a "/" in the comments.
The default extension of this file is "XCT".
You can set up and write execute buffers, and then when they
are working properly you can put them in this file by Setting each
one up, doing a READ, and then a <PUT>.
Here is an example of an execute file. It sets up four special
keys on the VT52 terminal to do useful things for an assembly
language programmer:
MACRO PROGRAMMER'S EXECUTES:
BUTTON 4: TAB TO 4TH STOP AND ";"
BUTTON 5: <CR> AND TAB
BUTTON 6: ":" AND TAB
BUTTON 8: PUSHJ<TAB>P,
BUTTON 9: POPJ<TAB>P,
/X:B4CM,^[?t:^3(^FCL32(^TA));
/X:B5RT,^[?u:^RT^TA
/X:B6RC,^[?v::^TA
/X:B8PU,^[?x:PUSHJ^TAP,
/X:B9PO,^[?y:POPJ^TAP,
- 48 -
***************************************************************************
CONDITIONAL EXECUTE CONSTRUCTS
In addition to the editor commands, the following constructs
are defined:
ITERATED-DO . . . . . . . . . . ^n ( ... )
DO-WHILE . . . . . . . . . . . ^DW condition ( ... )
DO-ON-SEARCH-FAILURE . . . . . ^DF ( ... )
IF-CHARACTER . . . . . . . . . ^IF condition ( ... )
IF-ROW . . . . . . . . . . . . ^FR comparison ( ... )
IF-COLUMN . . . . . . . . . . . ^FC comparison ( ... )
IF-COUNTER . . . . . . . . . . ^F. comparison ( ... )
EXIT-BLOCK . . . . . . . . . . ^XB
CONTINUE-BLOCK. . . . . . . . . ^CB
EXIT-BUFFER . . . . . . . . . . ^XX
The ITERATED-DO construct has already been described: it was
called a "repeat block" in a previous section. It causes the stuff
following in ()'s to be repeated the given number of times (up to
4000).
DO-WHILE and IF-CHARACTER perform or skip the stuff in ()'s
depending on the nature of the character at the cursor position.
DO-ON-SEARCH-FAILURE performs the stuff in ()'s only if the
preceding search fails.
IF-ROW and IF-COLUMN perform or skip the stuff in ()'s
depending on the row or column position of the cursor on the screen.
IF-COUNTER does likewise depending on the value of the Execute
counter (use of the counter is described below).
EXIT-BLOCK causes control to leave the interior of a
conditional. CONTINUE-BLOCK causes the rest of the conditional to
be skipped. These two behave the same inside an IF block; in a DO
block EXIT stops iterating and CONTINUE ends the current iteration.
EXIT-BUFFER ends the current iteration of the execute buffer.
Now for details. The DO-ON-SEARCH-FAILURE construct must
immediately follow an <SEARCH-FORWARD> or <SEARCH-BACKWARD> (^SF or
^SB). The commands in ()'s will be skipped over unless the search
fails. On search failure SED will execute the commands in ()'s,
then continue execution with the next command after the ^DF block.
Use the ^XX, ^CB, or ^XB constructs in the ^DF block to control how
execution proceeds (SED can be told to continue, to stop the
execute, or to stop the current iteration, depending on how those
constructs are used).
If a ^SF or ^SB is not followed by a ^DF and the search fails,
an "search-failure" error will result and execution will be
terminated.
- 49 -
EXAMPLES:
^20(^SF^DF(^GO^PT^XX)^LB^PK^RT)END
<PICK>s up to 20 lines which contain the search key. If fewer than
20 matches are found, SED moves to the beginning of the file, does a
<PUT>, and terminates the execute. If 20 matches are found SED
types "END" wherever the cursor is.
^20(^SF^DF(^GO^PT^XB)^LB^PK^RT)END
The ^XX is changed to an ^XB. The action is the same as above,
except when the search fails, after the <PUT>, SED terminates the
iterate block (the ^20). "END" is typed out and execution ends.
^20(^SF^DF(^GO^PT^CB)^LB^PK^RT)END
Now it's ^CB. When the search fails, after the <PUT>, SED skips the
rest of the current iteration and starts the next one. It does
another search, which fails; these searches continue until all 20
iterations are done. This is probably not what the writer of the
buffer had in mind. But it illustrates the difference between ^XB
and ^CB.
DO-WHILE and IF-CHARACTER can check to see if the character at
the cursor is
Some given character
^L ALPHABETIC (A-Z, a-z)
^U UPPER CASE (A-Z)
^N NUMERIC (0-9)
^A ALPHA-NUMERIC
^C ANY CHARACTER
^S SPACE OR TAB
^E END OF LINE OR BEYOND
or .NOT. any of those things (by preceding them by "^X"). "Any
character" is anything but space or TAB (same as "^X^S").
You can say "if character is a space, move cursor right" by
"^IF^S(^CR)". "Do while character is not the letter 'A', cursor
right" is "^DW^XA(^CR)".
IF-ROW, IF-COLUMN and IF-COUNTER check if the current row or
column or the Execute counter is:
En EQUAL TO n
Gn GREATER THAN n
Ln LESS THAN n
Nn NOT EQUAL TO n
For example, you can say "If column is less than 64, cursor right"
by "^FCL64(^CR)", and "If it's not row 12, cursor down" by
"^FRN12(^CD)".
- 50 -
These constructs can be nested to a depth of about 10, and
intermingled as much as desired.
Examples:
^DW (^CR) while character at cursor is " ", cursor right
^DW^X5(^CR) while character is not a "5" move right
a.k.a. DO-UNTIL character is "5" ...
^DW^X^N(^CR) until character is numeric move right
^FCE64(^RT) if at column 64 do a RETURN
^FRG10(^CH) if beyond row 10 go HOME
^IF^E(^RT) if at or beyond end of line do a RETURN
^IF^X^E(^CR) if not end of line move right
^1000(^PT) PUT 1000 times
EXIT- and CONTINUE-BLOCK are usually used inside a conditional,
along with an IF statement. For example
^DW^X^E(^CR^FCG40(^XB))
will stop DOing when the end of the line is reached or when the
column is greater than 40.
^1(^IF^S(^DS^PT^XB)^TB)
is an IF-THEN-ELSE statement. If the character is a space or TAB
SED deletes it, does a <PUT>, and skips the rest of the conditional;
else it TABs over.
- 51 -
***************************************************************************
THE EXECUTE COUNTER
You can keep a count of something and use that count as a
command parameter or the number of iterations of a DO. The counter
constructs are:
CLEAR-COUNTER . . . . . . . . . ^C=
INCREMENT-COUNTER . . . . . . . ^C+
DECREMENT-COUNTER . . . . . . . ^C-
USE-COUNTER . . . . . . . . . . ^CT
ITERATE-COUNTER . . . . . . . . ^C.( ... )
IF-COUNTER . . . . . . . . . . ^F.( ... )
SET-COUNTER . . . . . . . . . . ^SC
The counter can be cleared, incremented, and decremented
anywhere in the execute buffer.
You can use the counter as a parameter: if the counter
contains 12, then "$^CT^DS" will delete 12 spaces. Or "$^CT^PT"
will <PUT> the characters "12" into the file. You can use the
counter with characters in the parameter; "$123^CT45^PT" and
"$AB^CTCD^CTEF^PT" are both legal.
To loop <counter> times on a set of commands, type
"^C.( ... )". For example if the counter contains 5, "^C.(^PT)"
will do 5 <PUT>s.
The value of the counter can be used for conditional branching:
"^F.E10(^PT)" will do a <PUT> only if the counter contains 10.
SET-COUNTER (^SC) is used to set the counter to a specific
value. "$12SC" sets the counter to 12.
SET-COUNTER can also be used to set the execute counter to the
(numeric) parameter the user typed. It is intended for execute
buffers which are assigned to keys on the terminal. If ^SC appears
at the beginning of the buffer and the user types <ENTER>17<KEY>,
then 17 will be stored in the counter. If the user does not type a
parameter, the same value as last time will be used (the default is
1). Non-numeric parameters cause an error.
For example the buffer
^SC^C-^ND$^ECL^C.(^SF)^RT
sets up a command to put the user at the start of some page of the
file (where pages are marked by formfeeds - CONTROL-L's). Suppose
the user types <ENTER>4<KEY>. The counter is set to 3, and
CONTROL-L is searched for 3 times [the construct $^ECL^C.(^SF) is
used rather than ^C.($^ECL^SF) because it is faster - the parameter
is only processed once). After the last search a carriage return is
done. NO-DISPLAY (^ND - see next section) is set, so the action is
displayed only after the buffer is done executing. Without ^ND all
- 52 -
the search targets would appear on the screen one by one.
***************************************************************************
DEFERRING THE DISPLAY OF A BUFFER ATTACHED TO A TERMINAL KEY
NO-DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . ^ND
Normally, the action taken by an execute buffer which is
connected to a terminal key is displayed step by step as the buffer
is processed. If the NO-DISPLAY construct appears in a buffer, the
screen will not be updated until the buffer has completed. Then the
entire screen will be re-written. This feature is useful if the
buffer will display a lot of parts of the file but you only care
about where it ends up.
A buffer with ^ND in it acts the same as a buffer invoked by
<ENTER>n<EXECUTE> with /NOSHOW set.
***************************************************************************
OUTPUTTING IMAGE CHARACTERS
OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . ^OU( ... )
The OUTPUT construct is used to output an image string of
characters. SED will send to the terminal the ASCII argument to
^OU. This construct can be used to cause things to happen to the
terminal that SED does not know about (for example, changing colors
on a graphics terminal).
NOTE: The text is output to the terminal screen. It is not
put in the file.
Control characters are denoted by "^K". <ESCAPE> is "$".
"^$", "^^", and "^)" denote "$", "^", and ")".
EXAMPLE: ^OU($H$J(Running^)) outputs "<ESCAPE>H<ESCAPE>J(Running)".
- 53 -
As an overall example, here is an execute buffer which lines up
every comment line at the 4th tab position, or if the comment starts
after the 4th tab, it puts one space between the instruction and the
comment. Also, comments which start before column 16 are assumed to
be subroutine headers, and are left alone.
Note that if the search key were "'" the buffer would work with
BASIC programs; if it were "!" it would work with FORTRAN, etc.
One comment is handled by every iteration of this buffer.
^ST($;^SF$1^IS$IM^SW)
^SF
^FCG16(
^CL^C=
^DW^S(^CL^C+)
^CR
$^CT^DS
^4(^FCL32(^TA))
^CL
^IF^X^S(^CR )
)
^RT
The buffer first sets the search key to be ";", the parameter for
<DELETE-SPACES> to be 1, and INSERT MODE to be in effect.
SED finds a match. If the match is not beyond the 16th column,
SED does a carriage return (one comment per line!) and stops the
iteration. Else SED moves to the left of the comment symbol. It
counts up all spaces to the left of the comment, and then deletes
them. Then SED puts in tabs until the comment starts at column 32.
Then SED looks at the character to the left of the comment
symbol. If it is not a space or tab (meaning that the comment
started beyond column 32, thus no tabs were inserted in the loop
above) SED separates the comment from the instruction with a space.
SED then does a <RETURN> to end the iteration.
Other sample execute buffers can be found in SED.XCT and other
.XCT files.
Incidentally, the multi-line format above can be used in
SWITCH.INI or SED.INI or .XCT files. The indentation characters
must be TABs. When SED is reading a buffer definition all control
characters are ignored, so CARRIAGE RETURNs, LINEFEEDs, and TABs can
be put in wherever you want.
- 54 -
APPENDICES
Appendix A. DEFAULT FILESPECS AND SFDS
When SFD's are in effect SED's default filespecs behave a
little differently than when they are not. Without SFD's, if you do
not give a PPN the default is the number you logged in under. Thus
if you are [100,150],
<ENTER>FILE.EXT[200,25]<SET-FILE>
<ENTER>NEWFIL.MAC<SET-FILE>
will find NEWFIL.MAC on [100,150].
However, with SFD's in effect the default is the path which SED
is following at the moment. The above commands would find
NEWFIL.MAC on [200,25]. Here's how the defaults work when you have
SFD's:
<ENTER>FILE.EXT[200,25]<SET-FILE> gets things started
<ENTER>FOO.MAC[,,THING]<SET-FILE> looks on [200,25,THING]
<ENTER>FOO.FOR<SET-FILE> on [200,25,THING]
<ENTER>FOO.BAR[,]<SET-FILE> on [200,25]
<ENTER>NEWFIL.MAC[100,150]<SET-FILE> only way to get [100,150]
- 55 -
Appendix B. LOOKING THROUGH A LIST OF FILES
You can create a file containing a list of files and then look
at them one by one, moving one file forward or backward along the
list. The easiest way to create this list of files is using the
DIRECT program (or command). For example, type
.DIR/F LIST=*.MAC
This creates LIST.DIR with a list of the MACRO files in your area.
Any method which sets up a list of files, one to a line, will do.
If you then run SED and say <ENTER>@LIST.DIR<SET-FILE> (or run
with ".R SED;@LIST.DIR") (the default extension is "DIR") you will
be looking at the first file on the list. Then a lone <SET-FILE>
command will get the next file on the list, and <ENTER><SET-FILE>
will get the previous one. When you reach the beginning or end of
the list SED will toggle between the last two files it found.
You can return to normal by typing <ENTER>filespecs<SET-FILE>.
NOTE: The indirect file must reside in the top level of your
logged-in directory. If the indirect file is somewhere else,
include the device and/or directory in the filespec.
The indirect file (such as LIST.DIR above) can contain comments
(which start with "!" or ";"). Spaces and tabs are ignored, so they
can be put in anywhere. Entirely blank lines can appear before the
first filespec, but not between specs (use a lone comment symbol).
Here is an example of an indirect <SET-FILE> file:
;LIST OF EXPERIMENTAL FILES
EXP1.MAC !FILE TO CHANGE ALL THE WORLD
EXP2.MAC ;FILE TO CHANGE ALL THE REST
EXP3A.MAC
!
;THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT VERY USEFUL:
EXP8.MAC
EXP15.MAC
- 56 -
Appendix C. USING MARGINS AND SCREEN LIMITS
This appendix discusses the action of four switches: /LENGTH:,
/WIDTH:, /LMAR:, and /RMAR:.
/LENGTH: and /WIDTH: set up the dimensions of the terminal
display. You can use them to limit the amount of output. For
example, for a lot of searching on a slow terminal, set /LENGTH:10
and only a few lines around the search match will be displayed.
Also, SED can be adjusted for terminals which change widths, like
the VT100, using the /WIDTH: switch.
/LMAR: and /RMAR: control how typed-in characters are entered
on the screen and in the file. If you set, say, /LMAR:8, then a
<CARRIAGE-RETURN> or <BEGIN-LINE> command will move the cursor, on
the screen and in the file, to the eighth column. The line in the
file will begin with eight spaces. /LMAR: is initially 1.
You can move into that indented region using <CURSOR-LEFT> or
<DELETE-CHARACTER>.
/RMAR: sets up the right margin. If you are typing in text
and exceed the right margin then the word you are typing will be
moved to the next line. SED will put in the carriage returns for
you. /RMAR: starts as the width of the entire screen.
/RMAR: can be disabled by setting it larger than the screen
width (like /RMAR:1000).
- 57 -
Appendix D. INCREMENTAL FILE SAVES AND JOURNALING
There are a number of ways to recover editing sessions in SED.
You can save the file you are editing automatically by setting the
/ISAVE: and /SAVE: switches. Say you set /ISAVE:30/SAVE:150.
Then after 30 commands or 150 characters of type-in, whichever comes
first, the file will be saved. Then both counters are reset.
/ISAVE: and /SAVE: both start off at zero, meaning no
incremental saves (which is what these saves are called). You can
tune SED's saving characteristics to your editing style.
Of course, you can also save the file by simply exiting SED and
rerunning it, since SED will put you back where you were in the
file. This scheme is good if you want to save only at specific
times (and can remember that it needs to be done). There's also the
<SAVE-FILE> command, which saves the file without exiting SED.
One thing to beware: incremental saves and the <SAVE-FILE>
command do not clean up the file. SED puts a lot of nulls and
trailing spaces into the file; they are eliminated when the file is
saved by an <EXIT> or <SET-FILE> command. But the other saves are
designed to take as little time as possible, so the nulls and spaces
are left in. However, some programs will break if there are nulls
in the file. So end your editing sessions by typing <EXIT>, not
<SAVE-FILE><ABORT>.
Incremental saves can take a long time for large files. So
there is another recovery mechanism: journaling. The journal is
the file SEDJRN.TMP, which holds the stream of commands which you
typed during your editing session. If the computer crashes you can
recover your session by telling SED to read its commands from the
journal and apply them to the unchanged file (it is unchanged
because the system crashed before you exited). A few commands at
the end of the session will be lost, but you will get most of your
work back.
ALERT: Command parameters settings are not saved in the
journal. Suppose you edit a file, do a search (say), set to
another file, and type <SEARCH-FORWARD>. When you set to the
other file a new journal was started, and it does not contain
the search key. If you try to recover using that journal SED
will give a "No search key" error. The same applies to any
parameters which were changed before the current file was
edited. This problem does not occur very often, but it is a
known deficiency of journaling.
However, the journal is an ASCII file and can be edited,
so if you can remember what the missing parameters are you can
insert them in the journal and make it work.
- 58 -
Start journaling by typing the /JOURN switch (in the <SWITCH>
command, in the monitor-level RUN command, or as part of a
<SET-FILE>. The journal will be started immediately, and SED will
remember what file you are editing and where you are in it. The
journal is restarted every time the file is saved (on a <SET-FILE>
or incremental save).
You don't have to worry about the journal unless the computer
crashes. When the system comes up, type ".R SED;/RECOV" at monitor
level. SED will take its commands from the journal, update the
file, and tell you when it's done.
If you want to see your own commands being performed at
super-speed, type ".R SED;/RECOV/SHOW" Watching your two-hour
session whiz by in a couple of minutes is very humbling, and has the
same entertainment value as watching two shirts fight in a clothes
dryer.
To abort a journal recovery, type RUBOUT anytime during the
recovery.
If you recover by typing ".R SED;/REC/JOURN" (or
".R SED;/REC/SHOW/JOURN") then the journal will be appended to after
the recovery is finished. This also happens if /JOURN is in
SWITCH.INI or SED.INI. Note: if, after recovery, you type
<ENTER>JOURN<SWITCH> then the journal file will be STARTED, not
appended to. When in doubt save the file (by exiting, for example),
and start with a fresh journal.
If you put the /JOURN switch in your SWITCH.INI or SED.INI file
then journaling will be done automatically. You can turn it off for
an editing session by typing <ENTER>NOJOURN<SWITCH> (as you might
expect).
- 59 -
Appendix F. TABLE OF EXECUTE COMMAND NAMES
COMMAND NAME OTHER COMMANDS NAME
------- ---- ----- ---------- ----
ENTER-PARAMETER . . $ REWRITE . . . . . . . . ^RW
SAVE-FILE . . . . . . . ^SV
CURSOR CURSOR-UP . . . . . ^CU SET-FILE . . . . . . . ^FL
CURSOR-DOWN . . . . ^CD SWITCH . . . . . . . . ^SW
CURSOR-LEFT . . . ^CL TAB-SET . . . . . . . . ^TS
CURSOR-RIGHT . . . ^CR WINDOW . . . . . . . . ^WI
CURSOR-HOME . . . ^CH
CARRIAGE-RETURN . . ^RT
TAB . . . . . . . . ^TB OTHER CONSTRUCTS FORMAT
BACKTAB . . . . . . ^BT ----- ---------- ------
UP-TAB . . . . . . ^UT START-UP . . . . . . . ^ST( ... )
DOWN-TAB . . . . . ^DT IMAGE-OUTPUT . . . . . ^OU( ... )
BEGIN-LINE . . . . ^LB NO-DISPLAY . . . . . . ^ND
END-LINE . . . . . ^LE
LINE . . . . . . . ^LN ITERATED-DO . . . . . . ^n( ... )
DO-WHILE . . . . . . . ^DWc( ... )
ROLLS ROLL-BACK-PAGES . . ^RBP DO-ON-SEARCH-FAILURE . ^DF( ... )
ROLL-FORWARD-PAGES. ^RFP IF-CHARACTER . . . . . ^IFc( ... )
ROLL-BACK-LINES . . ^RBL IF-ROW . . . . . . . . ^FRc( ... )
ROLL-FORWARD-LINES. ^RFL IF-COLUMN . . . . . . . ^FCc( ... )
PERCENT-GOTO . . . ^GO EXIT-BLOCK . . . . . . ^XB
SLIDE-LEFT. . . . . ^SL CONTINUE-BLOCK. . . . . ^CB
SLIDE-RIGHT . . . . ^SR EXIT-BUFFER . . . . . . ^XX
SEARCH SEARCH-FORWARD . . ^SF CLEAR-COUNTER . . . . . ^C=
SEARCH-BACKWARD . . ^SB INCREMENT-COUNTER . . . ^C+
SUBSTITUTE . . . . ^SU DECREMENT-COUNTER . . . ^C-
SET-COUNTER . . . . . . ^SC
TEXT INSERT-SPACES . . . ^IS USE-COUNTER . . . . . . ^CT
DELETE-SPACES . . . ^DS ITERATE-COUNTER . . . . ^C.( ... )
INSERT-LINES . . . ^IL IF-COUNTER . . . . . . ^F.c( ... )
DELETE-LINES . . . ^DL
PICK . . . . . . . ^PK For DO-WHILE or IF-CHARACTER:
PUT . . . . . . . ^PT
INSERT-MODE . . . . ^IN SOME GIVEN CHARACTER
DELETE-CHARACTER. . ^DC ^L ALPHABETIC (A-Z, a-z)
CLEAR-LINE . . . . ^LF ^U UPPER CASE (A-Z)
ERASE-LINE . . . . ^EL ^N NUMERIC (0-9)
ERASE-WORD . . . . ^EW ^A ALPHA-NUMERIC
^S SPACE OR TAB
OTHERS ABORT . . . . . . . ^AB ^E END OF LINE OR BEYOND
CASE . . . . . . . ^CS
ENTER-CTRL-CHAR . . ^EC ^X .NOT. ONE OF THE ABOVE
EXECUTE . . . . . . ^EX
EXIT . . . . . . . ^XT For IF-ROW, -COLUMN, -COUNTER:
HELP . . . . . . . ^HL
JUSTIFY . . . . . . ^JU En EQUAL TO n
MARK . . . . . . . ^MK Gn GREATER THAN n
REAL-TAB . . . . . ^TA Ln LESS THAN n
RECALL . . . . . . ^RC Nn NOT EQUAL TO n
- 60 -
EXAMPLE I
VT52 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT
The VT52 has a numeric keypad to the right of the normal
keyboard. Four cursor movement keys are at the right of that keypad
and there are three colored buttons above the pad. The leftmost
(blue) button is the <ENTER> command, the rightmost one (BLACK) is
<HOME>, and the center one (RED) is <RECALL>. The number keys in
the pad invoke SED commands. Do not use the red ESC (SEL) key at
the upper left of the keyboard.
VT52 EDITOR KEYBOARD
.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !ERAS!
! ! ! @ ! # ! $ ! % ! ^ ! & ! * ! ( ! ) ! _ ! + !SUBS!CHAR!
! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 ! - ! = ! ~` !back!
!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_.
!xon !ROLL!SRCH!SRCH!ROLL!ROLL!BACK! !ENTR!PERC! ! !ERAS!RE- !
! !BK L!BACK!FWD !FW L!FW P!TAB !TAB !CCH !GOTO! ] ! | !LINE!SET !
! q ! w ! e ! r ! t ! y ! u ! i ! o ! p ! [ ! \ !lnfd! del!
!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_.
!ROLL!xoff!INS !DEL ! !CUR !ERAS!INS !DEL ! ! ! ! !
!BK P! !LINE!LINE!PUT !LEFT!LINE!SPAC!SPAC! : ! " ! } ! RETURN !
! a ! s ! d ! f ! g ! h ! j ! k ! l ! ; ! , ! { ! !
.___!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_________!
! ! ! ! ! !SET ! !RE- ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!shift!EXIT!EXCT!ABRT!PICK!FILE!SWCH!TURN! < ! > ! ? ! shift !rept!copy!
! ! z ! x ! c ! v ! b ! n ! m ! , ! . ! / ! ! ! !
!_____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_______!____!____!
NUMERIC PAD AT RIGHT .____.____.____.____.
OF NORMAL KEYBOARD: ! !RE- ! !CUR !
!ENTR!CALL!HOME! UP !
!blue!red !blck! /\ !
!____!____!____!____!
! !UP- ! !CUR !
!MARK!TAB !CASE!DOWN!
! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! \/ !
!____!____!____!____!
!BEG-!RE- !END-!CUR !
!LINE!WRIT!LINE!RGHT!
! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! -> !
!____!____!____!____!
!WIN-!DOWN! !CUR !
!DOW !TAB !HELP!LEFT!
In addition: ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! <- !
!____!____!____!____!
ESCAPE-L is <SLIDE-LEFT> ! REAL !ERAS!INS !
ESCAPE-T is <SLIDE-RIGHT> ! TAB !WORD!MODE!
ESCAPE-S is <TAB-SET> ! 0 ! . !entr!
ESCAPE-J is <JUSTIFY> !_________!____!____!
- 61 -
EXAMPLE II
VT100 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT
VT100 KEYBOARD LAYOUT
._____. .____.____.____.____.
!set- ! ! ! ! ! !
! up ! ! /\ ! \/ ! <- ! -> !
! ! ! UP !DOWN!LEFT!RGHT!
!___._!__.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____.____!____!____!____!____!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !ERAS!
!esc! ! ! @ ! # ! $ ! % ! ^ ! & ! * ! ( ! ) ! _ ! + !SUBS!CHAR!
! ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 ! - ! = ! ~` !back!
!___!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_.
! !xon !ROLL!SRCH!SRCH!ROLL!ROLL!BACK! !ENTR!PERC! ! ! !RE- !
! TAB ! !BK L!BACK!FWRD!FW L!FW P! TAB!TAB !CCH !GOTO! { ! } ! !SET !
! ! q ! w ! e ! r ! t ! y ! u ! i ! o ! p ! [ ! ] ! ! del!
!_____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____! !____!
! !ROLL!xoff!INS !DEL ! !CUR !ERAS!INS !DEL ! ! ! ! !
! caps !FW P! !LINE!LINE!PUT !LEFT!LINE!SPAC!SPAC! : ! " ! RETURN! | !
! lock ! a ! s ! d ! f ! g ! h ! j ! k ! l ! ; ! , ! ! \ !
!_______!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_______!____!
! ! ! ! ! !SET-! !RE- ! ! ! ! !ERAS!
! shift !EXIT!EXCT!ABRT!PICK!FILE!SWCH!TURN! < ! > ! ? ! shift !LINE!
! ! z ! x ! c ! v ! b ! n ! m ! , ! . ! / ! ! lf !
!_________!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!____!_________!____!
NUMERIC PAD AT RIGHT .____.____.____.____.
OF NORMAL KEYBOARD: ! !RE- ! !SAVE!
!ENTR!CALL!HOME!FILE!
! pf1! pf2! pf3! pf4!
!____!____!____!____!
! !UP- ! !SLID!
!MARK!TAB !CASE!LEFT!
! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! - !
!____!____!____!____!
!BEG-!RE- !END-!SLID!
!LINE!WRIT!LINE!RGHT!
! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! , !
!____!____!____!____!
!WIN-!DOWN! !INS !
!DOW !TAB !HELP!MODE!
! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! e !
!____!____!____! n !
! !ERAS! t !
!REAL-TAB !WORD! e !
! 0 ! . ! r !
!_________!____!____!
In addition: ESCAPE-S is <TAB-SET>
ESCAPE-J is <JUSTIFY>
- 62 -
INDEX OF EDITOR COMMANDS, BY COMMAND
PAGE COMMAND NAME EXPLANATION
13 ^K INSERT-SPACES INSERT SPACES TO FILE
23 ^B SET-FILE SET UP A FILE FOR EDITING
25 ^C ABORT EXIT AND FORGET CHANGES
10 ^D INSERT-LINES INSERT BLANK LINES IN FILE
14 ^E SEARCH-BACKWARD SEARCH FROM CURSOR TO START OF FILE
10 ^F DELETE-LINES DELETE LINES FROM FILE
19 ^G PUT PUT TEXT INTO FILE
6 LEFT CURSOR-LEFT MOVE CURSOR LEFT
7 ^I TAB MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP
12 (none) CLEAR-LINE CLEAR LINE BELOW CURSOR
12 ^J ERASE-LINE ERASE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE
9 ESC-L SLIDE-LEFT SLIDE VIEWING WINDOW LEFT
9 ESC-T SLIDE-RIGHT SLIDE VIEWING WINDOW RIGHT
6 ^M CARRIAGE-RETURN GOOD OL' ASCII CARRIAGE RETURN
28 ^N SWITCH SET SWITCHES OR QUERY STATUS
27 ^O ENTER-CTRL-CHAR MAKE NEXT CHARACTER A CONTROL CHAR.
9 ^P PERCENT-GOTO GO TO SOME PERCENT THROUGH THE FILE
8 ^A ROLL-BACK-PAGES MOVE VIEWING WINDOW BACK PAGES
14 ^R SEARCH-FORWARD SEARCH FROM CURSOR TO END
13 ^L DELETE-SPACES DELETE CHARACTERS FROM FILE
8 ^T ROLL-FORWARD-LINES MOVE VIEWING WINDOW FORWARD LINES
7 ^U BACKTAB MOVE TO PREVIOUS TAB STOP
17 ^V PICK PICK TEXT FROM FILE
8 ^W ROLL-BACKWARD-LINES MOVE VIEWING WINDOW BACK LINES
38 ^X EXECUTE PERFORM SEQUENCE OF EDITOR COMMANDS
8 ^Y ROLL-FORWARD-PAGES MOVE VIEWING WINDOW FORWARD PAGES
25 ^Z EXIT EXIT AND SAVE CHANGES
3 PAD-BLUE ENTER PASS A PARAMETER TO A COMMAND
25 DELETE RESET RESET SCREEN OR PARAMETER
34 PAD-RED RECALL RECALL PREVIOUS PARAMETER
22 PAD-ENT INSERT-MODE CHARACTER INSERT/REPLACE TOGGLE
11 BKSP DELETE-CHARACTER ERASE CHARACTER TO LEFT OF CURSOR
27 PAD-0 REAL-TAB TYPE A REAL TAB IN THE FILE
20 PAD-7 MARK MARK POSITION FOR PICK OR DELETE
35 PAD-9 CASE CHANGE CASE OF LETTER AT CURSOR
35 PAD-1 WINDOW SET OR CLEAR SPLIT-SCREEN WINDOWING
6 PAD-8 UP-TAB MOVE THE CURSOR UP 6 LINES
6 PAD-2 DOWN-TAB MOVE THE CURSOR DOWN 6 LINES
27 PAD-5 RE-WRITE REWRITE THE SCREEN
22 (none) SAVE-FILE SAVE THE CURRENT FILE
34 PAD-3 HELP GIVE ON-LINE HELP
7 PAD-4 BEGIN-LINE MOVE THE THE BEGINNING OF THE LINE
7 PAD-6 END-LINE MOVE THE THE END OF THE LINE
11 PAD-. ERASE-WORD ERASE THE WORD AT THE CURSOR
15 ^~ SUBSTITUTE SEARCH AND SUBSTITUTE
26 ESC-S TAB-SET SET AND CLEAR TABS
36 ESC-J JUSTIFY JUSTIFY TEXT
21 ^? MARKER MANIPULATE MARKER IN FILE
- 63 -
ARTICULATED INDEX OF EDITOR COMMANDS
The COMMAND column refers to the control character which
invokes the desired command. UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, and HOME are
the five cursor movement keys, usually denoted by arrows on the key
caps RUB is the RUBOUT key, sometimes yclept DEL, for DELETE. ESC
is the ESCAPE or ALTMODE key. "PAD" means that the key is on a
keypad which is separate from the normal typewriter keyboard.
KEY EXPLANATION COMMAND PAGE
ABORT EXIT AND FORGET CHANGES ^C 25
APPEND APPENDING LINES TO PICK BUFFER ^V 17
BACKWARD ROLL SCREEN BACKWARD LINES ^W 8
BACKWARD ROLL SCREEN BACKWARD PAGES ^A 8
BACKWARD SEARCH BACKWARD ^E 14
BEGINNING MOVE TO BEGINNING OR END OF LINE (none) 7
BEGINNING MOVE TO THE BEGINNING OF A LINE PAD-4 7
CASE CHANGE CASE OF LETTERS PAD-9 35
CHANGES EXIT AND FORGET CHANGES ^C 25
CHANGES EXIT AND SAVE CHANGES ^Z 25
CHARACTER DELETE THE PREVIOUS CHARACTER BKSP 11
CHARACTER ENTER CONTROL CHARACTER ^O 27
CHARACTERS DELETE CHARACTERS FROM FILE ^L 13
CLEAR TAB SET OR CLEAR TABS ESC-S 26
CLEAR CLEAR LINE BELOW CURSOR (none) 12
COMMAND EXECUTE COMMAND SEQUENCE ^X 38
CONTROL ENTER CONTROL CHARACTER ^O 27
CURSOR CLEAR LINE BELOW CURSOR (none) 12
CURSOR MOVE CURSOR DOWN DOWN 6
CURSOR MOVE CURSOR HOME PAD-BLK 6
CURSOR MOVE CURSOR LEFT LEFT 6
CURSOR MOVE CURSOR RIGHT RIGHT 6
CURSOR MOVE CURSOR UP UP 6
DELETE DELETE CHARACTERS FROM FILE ^L 13
DELETE DELETE LINES FROM FILE ^F 10
DELETE DELETE THE PREVIOUS CHARACTER BKSP 11
DELETE DELETE THE PREVIOUS WORD PAD-. 11
DELETE MARK POSITION FOR PICK OR DELETE PAD-7 20
DELETED RESTORE DELETED LINES ^G 19
DISPLAY RESET PARAMETER OR DISPLAY DELETE 25
DOWN MOVE CURSOR DOWN DOWN 6
DOWN MOVE CURSOR DOWN 6 LINES PAD-2 6
EDIT EDIT A NEW FILE ^B 23
END MOVE TO BEGINNING OR END OF LINE (none) 7
END MOVE TO THE END OF A LINE PAD-6 7
ENTER ENTER CONTROL CHARACTER ^O 27
ENTER ENTER PARAMETER PAD-BLUE 3
ERASE ERASE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE ^J 12
- 64 -
KEY EXPLANATION COMMAND PAGE
EXECUTE EXECUTE COMMAND SEQUENCE ^X 38
EXECUTE EXECUTE: BUFFERS IN SWITCH.INI ^X 45
EXECUTE EXECUTE: CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTS ^X 49
EXECUTE EXECUTE: CONNECTING TO KEYS ^X 47
EXECUTE EXECUTE: DEFERRING THE DISPLAY ^X 53
EXECUTE EXECUTE: FINDING THE BUFFER NAMES ^X 44
EXECUTE EXECUTE: KILLING A BUFFER ^X 44
EXECUTE EXECUTE: OUTPUTTING IMAGE CHARS. ^X 53
EXECUTE EXECUTE: READING A BUFFER ^X 43
EXECUTE EXECUTE: READING FROM DISK ^X 48
EXECUTE EXECUTE: SETTING INITIAL PARMS ^X 46
EXECUTE EXECUTE: SETTING UP A BUFFER ^X 42
EXECUTE EXECUTE: THE EXECUTE COUNTER ^X 52
EXECUTE EXECUTE: WRITING A BUFFER ^X 42
EXECUTE EXECUTE: X (WRITE/EXECUTE) FORMAT ^X 46
EXECUTE TABLE OF EXECUTE COMMAND NAMES Appendix 60
EXIT EXIT AND FORGET CHANGES ^C 25
EXIT EXIT AND SAVE CHANGES ^Z 25
FILE EDIT A NEW FILE ^B 23
FILE SAVE THE CURRENT FILE (none) 22
FILESPECS DEFAULT FILESPECS AND SFDS Appendix 55
FILESPECS RECALL CURRENT FILESPECS PAD-RED 34
FORGET EXIT AND FORGET CHANGES ^C 25
FORWARD ROLL SCREEN FORWARD LINES ^T 8
FORWARD ROLL SCREEN FORWARD PAGES ^Y 8
FORWARD SEARCH FORWARD ^R 14
GO TO GO TO PERCENT IN FILE ^P 9
HELP GIVE ON-LINE HELP PAD-3 34
HOME MOVE CURSOR HOME PAD-BLK 6
INDIRECT LOOKING THROUGH A LIST OF FILES Appendix 56
INSERT INSERT LINES IN FILE ^D 10
INSERT INSERT SPACES IN FILE ^K 13
INSERT INSERT TEXT IN FILE ^G 19
INSERT INSERT/REPLACE TOGGLE PAD-ENT 22
JOURNAL INCREMENTAL SAVES AND JOURNALING Appendix 58
JUSTIFY JUSTIFY TEXT ESC-J 36
KEYBOARD VT100 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT Example 62
KEYBOARD VT52 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT Example 61
LEFT MOVE CURSOR LEFT LEFT 6
LEFT SLIDE WINDOW LEFT ESC-L 9
LINE CLEAR LINE BELOW CURSOR (none) 12
LINE ERASE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE ^J 12
LINE MOVE TO BEGINNING OR END OF LINE (none) 7
LINE MOVE TO THE BEGINNING OF A LINE PAD-4 7
LINE MOVE TO THE END OF A LINE PAD-6 7
LINES DELETE LINES FROM FILE ^F 10
- 65 -
KEY EXPLANATION COMMAND PAGE
LINES INSERT LINES IN FILE ^D 10
LINES PICK UP LINES OF FILE ^V 17
LINES RESTORE DELETED LINES ^G 19
LINES ROLL SCREEN BACKWARD LINES ^W 8
LINES ROLL SCREEN FORWARD LINES ^T 8
LIST LOOKING THROUGH A LIST OF FILES Appendix 56
MARGINS USING MARGINS AND SCREEN LIMITS Appendix 57
MARK MARK POSITION FOR PICK OR DELETE PAD-7 20
MARKER MANIPULATE MARKER IN FILE ^? 21
MARKER POP MARKER STACK ^? 21
MOVE MOVE CURSOR DOWN DOWN 6
MOVE MOVE CURSOR HOME PAD-BLK 6
MOVE MOVE CURSOR LEFT LEFT 6
MOVE MOVE CURSOR RIGHT RIGHT 6
MOVE MOVE CURSOR UP UP 6
MOVE MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP TAB 7
MOVE MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP ^I 7
MOVE MOVE TO PREVIOUS TAB STOP ^U 7
NAMES TABLE OF EXECUTE COMMAND NAMES Appendix 60
NEW EDIT A NEW FILE ^B 23
NEXT MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP TAB 7
NEXT MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP ^I 7
PAGES ROLL SCREEN BACKWARD PAGES ^A 8
PAGES ROLL SCREEN FORWARD PAGES ^Y 8
PARAMETER ENTER PARAMETER PAD-BLUE 3
PARAMETER RECALL PARAMETER PAD-RED 34
PARAMETER RESET PARAMETER OR DISPLAY DELETE 25
PERCENT GO TO PERCENT IN FILE ^P 9
PICK MARK POSITION FOR PICK OR DELETE PAD-7 20
PICK PICK UP LINES OF FILE ^V 17
POSITION MARK POSITION FOR PICK OR DELETE PAD-7 20
PREVIOUS MOVE TO PREVIOUS TAB STOP ^U 7
QUERY SET SWITCHES OR QUERY STATUS ^N 28
RECALL RECALL PARAMETER PAD-RED 34
REPLACE INSERT/REPLACE TOGGLE PAD-ENT 22
RESET RESET PARAMETER OR DISPLAY DELETE 25
RESTORE RESTORE DELETED LINES ^G 19
RETURN CARRIAGE RETURN ^M 6
REWRITE REWRITE THE SCREEN PAD-5 27
RIGHT MOVE CURSOR RIGHT RIGHT 6
RIGHT SLIDE WINDOW RIGHT ESC-T 9
ROLL ROLL SCREEN BACKWARD LINES ^W 8
ROLL ROLL SCREEN BACKWARD PAGES ^A 8
ROLL ROLL SCREEN FORWARD LINES ^T 8
ROLL ROLL SCREEN FORWARD PAGES ^Y 8
SAVE EXIT AND SAVE CHANGES ^Z 25
SAVE SAVE THE CURRENT FILE (none) 22
- 66 -
KEY EXPLANATION COMMAND PAGE
SAVES INCREMENTAL SAVES AND JOURNALING Appendix 58
SCAN SCAN THE FILE BACKWARD ^W 8
SCAN SCAN THE FILE FORWARD ^T 8
SEARCH RECALL CURRENT/FORMER SEARCH KEY PAD-RED 34
SEARCH SEARCH AND SUBSTITUTE STRINGS ^~ 15
SEARCH SEARCH BACKWARD ^E 14
SEARCH SEARCH FORWARD ^R 14
SET TAB SET OR CLEAR TABS ESC-S 26
SFDS DEFAULT FILESPECS AND SFDS Appendix 55
SLIDE SLIDE WINDOW LEFT ESC-L 9
SLIDE SLIDE WINDOW RIGHT ESC-T 9
SPACES INSERT SPACES IN FILE ^K 13
SPLIT SET OR CLEAR SPLIT-SCREEN WINDOW PAD-1 35
STACK POP MARKER STACK ^? 21
STATUS SET SWITCHES OR QUERY STATUS ^N 28
STRINGS SEARCH AND SUBSTITUTE STRINGS ^~ 15
SUBSTITUTE SEARCH AND SUBSTITUTE STRINGS ^~ 15
SWITCHES SET SWITCHES OR QUERY STATUS ^N 28
TAB MOVE CURSOR DOWN 6 LINES PAD-2 6
TAB MOVE CURSOR UP 6 LINES PAD-8 6
TAB MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP TAB 7
TAB MOVE TO NEXT TAB STOP ^I 7
TAB MOVE TO PREVIOUS TAB STOP ^U 7
TAB PUT A REAL TAB IN THE FILE PAD-0 27
TAB SET OR CLEAR TABS ESC-S 26
TERMINAL VT100 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT Example 62
TERMINAL VT52 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT Example 61
TEXT INSERT TEXT IN FILE ^G 19
UP MOVE CURSOR UP UP 6
UP MOVE CURSOR UP 6 LINES PAD-8 6
VT100 VT100 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT Example 62
VT52 VT52 TERMINAL KEYBOARD LAYOUT Example 61
WINDOW SET OR CLEAR SPLIT-SCREEN WINDOW PAD-1 35
WINDOW SLIDE WINDOW LEFT ESC-L 9
WINDOW SLIDE WINDOW RIGHT ESC-T 9
WORD DELETE THE PREVIOUS WORD PAD-. 11
- 67 -
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