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610 lines
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610 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
This chapter describes the Motorola syntax module, mostly used for the
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M68k family of CPUs, which is available with the extension @code{mot}.
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@section Legal
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This module is copyright in 2002-2013 by Frank Wille.
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This archive may be redistributed without modifications and used
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for non-commercial purposes.
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Distributing modified versions and commercial usage needs my written
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consent.
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Certain modules may fall under additional copyrights.
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@section Additional options for this version
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This syntax module provides the following additional options:
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@table @option
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@item -align
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Enables 16-bit alignment for constant declaration (@code{dc.?},
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except @code{dc.b}) directives.
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@item -devpac
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Devpac-compatibility mode.
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@itemize @minus
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@item Enables 16-bit alignment for constant declaration (@code{dc.?},
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except @code{dc.b}) directives.
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@item Predefines offset symbols @code{__RS}, @code{__SO} and @code{__FO} as
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@code{0}, which in vasm are undefined until first referenced.
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@item Disable escape codes in strings (see @option{-noesc}).
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@item Enable dots within identifiers (see @option{-ldots}).
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@item Up to 35 macro arguments.
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@end itemize
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@item -ldots
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Allow dots (@code{.}) within all identifiers.
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@item -localu
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Local symbols are introduced by @code{'_'} instead of @code{'.'}. For
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Devpac compatbility, which offers a similar option.
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@item -phxass
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PhxAss-compatibilty mode. Enables the following features:
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@itemize @minus
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@item @code{section <name>} starts a code section named @code{<name>}
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instead of a section which also has the type @code{<name>}.
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@item Macro names are treated as case-insensitive.
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@item Up to 35 macro arguments.
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@item Allow blanks in operands.
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@item Defines the symbol @code{_PHXASS_}.
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@end itemize
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@item -spaces
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Allow blanks in operands.
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@end table
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@section General Syntax
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Labels always start at the first column and may be terminated by a
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colon (@code{:}), but don't need to. In the last case the mnemonic
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has to be separated from the label by whitespace (not required in
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any case, e.g. with @code{=}). Qualifiers are appended to the mnemonic
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separated by a dot (if the CPU-module supports qualifiers). The
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operands are separated from the mnemonic by whitespace. Multiple
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operands are separated by comma (@code{,}).
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Local labels are preceded by '@code{.}' or terminated by '@code{$}'.
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For the rest, any alphanumeric character including '@code{_}' is allowed.
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Local labels are valid between two global label definitions.
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Otherwise dots (@code{.}) are not allowed within a label by default, unless
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the option @option{-ldots} or @option{-devpac} was specified. Even then,
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labels ending on @code{.b}, @code{.w} or @code{.l} are never possible.
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It is possible to refer to any local symbol in the source by preceding its
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name with the name of the last global symbol, which was defined before:
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@code{global_name\local_name}. This is for PhxAss compatibility only,
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and is no recommended style. Does not work in a macro, as it conflicts
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with macro arguments.
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Make sure that you don't define a label on the same line as a
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directive for conditional assembly (if, else, endif)! This is not supported.
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In this syntax module, the operand field must not contain any whitespace
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characters, as long as the option @option{-spaces} was not specified.
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Comments are introduced by the comment character @code{;} or @code{*}.
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The rest of the line will be ignored. Also everything following the operand
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field, separated by a whitespace, will be regarded as comment. Be careful
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with @code{*}, which is recognized as the "current pc symbol" in any operand
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expression
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Example:
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@code{mylabel inst.q op1,op2,op3 ;comment}
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In expressions, numbers starting with @code{$} are hexadecimal (e.g.
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@code{$fb2c}). @code{%} introduces binary numbers (e.g. @code{%1100101}).
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Numbers starting with @code{@@} are assumed to be octal numbers, e.g.
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@code{@@237}. All numbers starting with a digit are decimal, e.g.
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@code{1239}.
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@section Directives
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The following directives are supported by this syntax module (provided the
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CPU- and output-module support them):
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@table @code
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@item <symbol> = <expression>
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Equivalent to @code{<symbol> equ <expression>}.
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@item align <bitcount>
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Insert as much zero bytes as required to reach an address where
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<bitcount> low order bits are zero. For example @code{align 2} would
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make an alignment to the next 32-bit boundary.
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Equivalent to @code{cnop 0,1<<bitcount}.
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@item blk.b <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.b <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item blk.d <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.d <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item blk.l <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.l <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item blk.q <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.q <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item blk.s <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.s <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item blk.w <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.w <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item blk.x <exp>[,<fill>]
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.x <exp>,<fill>}.
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@item bss
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Equivalent to @code{section bss,bss}.
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@item bss_c
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Equivalent to @code{section bss_c,bss,chip}.
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@item bss_f
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Equivalent to @code{section bss_f,bss,fast}.
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@item cargs [#<offset>,]<symbol1>[.<size1>][,<symbol2>[.<size2>]]...
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Defines <symbol1> with the value of <offset>. Further symbols
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on the line, separated by comma, will be assigned the <offset> plus
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the size of the previous symbol. The size defaults to 2. Valid
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optional size extensions are: @code{.b}, @code{.w}, @code{.l},
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where @code{.l} results in a size of 4, the others 2.
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The <offset> argument defaults to 4, when not given.
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@item clrfo
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Reset stack-frame offset counter to zero. See @code{fo} directive.
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@item clrso
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Reset structure offset counter to zero. See @code{so} directive.
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@item cnop <offset>,<alignment>
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Insert as much zero bytes as required to reach an address which
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can be divided by <alignment>. Then add <offset> zero bytes.
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@item code
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Equivalent to @code{section code,code}.
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@item code_c
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Equivalent to @code{section code_c,code,chip}.
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@item code_f
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Equivalent to @code{section code_f,code,fast}.
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@item comment
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Everything in the operand field is ignored and seen as a comment.
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There is only one exception, when the operand contains @code{HEAD=}.
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Then the following expression is passed to the TOS output module
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via the symbol '@code{ TOSFLAGS}', to define the Atari specific TOS
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flags.
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@item cseg
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Equivalent to @code{section code,code}.
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@item data
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Equivalent to @code{section data,data}.
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@item data_c
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Equivalent to @code{section data_c,data,chip}.
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@item data_f
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Equivalent to @code{section data_f,data,fast}.
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@item dc.b <exp1>[,<exp2>,"<string1>",'<string2>'...]
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Assign the integer or string constant operands into successive
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bytes of memory in the current section. Any combination of integer
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and character string constant operands is permitted.
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@item dc.d <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Assign the values of the operands into successive 64-bit words
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of memory in the current section. Also IEEE double precision
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floating point constants are allowed.
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@item dc.l <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Assign the values of the operands into successive 32-bit words
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of memory in the current section.
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@item dc.q <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Assign the values of the operands into successive 64-bit words
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of memory in the current section.
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@item dc.s <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Assign the values of the operands into successive 32-bit words
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of memory in the current section. Also IEEE single precision
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floating point constants are allowed.
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@item dc.w <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Assign the values of the operands into successive 16-bit words
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of memory in the current section.
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@item dc.x <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Assign the values of the operands into successive 96-bit words
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of memory in the current section. Also IEEE extended precision
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floating point constants are allowed.
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@item dcb.b <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> bytes into the current section.
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@item dcb.d <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> 64-bit words into the current section.
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<fill> might also be an IEEE double precision constant.
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@item dcb.l <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> 32-bit words into the current section.
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@item dcb.q <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> 64-bit words into the current section.
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@item dcb.s <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> 32-bit words into the current section.
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<fill> might also be an IEEE single precision constant.
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@item dcb.w <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> 16-bit words into the current section.
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@item dcb.x <exp>[,<fill>]
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Insert <exp> zero or <fill> 96-bit words into the current section.
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<fill> might also be an IEEE extended precision constant.
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@item dr.b <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Calculates <expN> - <current pc value> and stores it into successive
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bytes of memory in the current section.
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@item dr.w <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Calculates <expN> - <current pc value> and stores it into successive
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16-bit words of memory in the current section.
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@item dr.l <exp1>[,<exp2>...]
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Calculates <expN> - <current pc value> and stores it into successive
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32-bit words of memory in the current section.
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@item ds.b <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.b <exp>,0}.
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@item ds.d <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.d <exp>,0}.
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@item ds.l <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.l <exp>,0}.
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@item ds.q <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.q <exp>,0}.
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@item ds.s <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.s <exp>,0}.
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@item ds.w <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.w <exp>,0}.
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@item ds.x <exp>
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Equivalent to @code{dcb.x <exp>,0}.
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@item dseg
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Equivalent to @code{section data,data}.
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@item echo <string>
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Prints <string> to stdout.
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@item else
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Assemble the following lines if the previous @code{if} condition
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was false.
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@item end
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Assembly will terminate behind this line.
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@item endif
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Ends a section of conditional assembly.
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@item endm
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Ends a macro definition.
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@item endr
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Ends a repetition block.
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@item <symbol> equ <expression>
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Define a new program symbol with the name <symbol> and assign to it
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the value of <expression>. Defining <symbol> twice will cause
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an error.
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@item erem
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Ends an outcommented block. Assembly will continue.
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@item even
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Aligns to an even address. Equivalent to @code{cnop 0,2}.
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@item fail <message>
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Immediately break assembly with a fatal error, showing the <message>
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from the operand field.
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@item <label> fo.<size> <expression>
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Assigns the current value of the stack-frame offset counter to <label>.
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Afterwards the counter is decremented by the instruction's <size>
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multiplied by <expression>. Any valid M68k size extension is allowed
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for <size>: b, w, l, q, s, d, x, p.
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The offset counter can also be referenced directly under the name
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@code{__FO}.
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@item idnt <name>
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Sets the file or module name in the generated object file to
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<name>, when the selected output module supports it. By default,
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the input filename passed on the command line is used.
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@item if <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is non-zero.
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@item ifeq <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is zero.
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@item ifne <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is non-zero.
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@item ifgt <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is
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greater than zero.
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@item ifge <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is
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greater than zero or equal.
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@item iflt <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is
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less than zero.
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@item ifle <expression>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <expression> is
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less than zero or equal.
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@item ifb <operand>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines when <operand> is
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completely blank, except an optional comment.
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@item ifnb <operand>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines when <operand> is
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non-blank.
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@item ifc <string1>,<string2>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <string1> matches
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<string2>.
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@item ifnc <string1>,<string2>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <string1> does not
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match <string2>.
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@item ifd <symbol>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <symbol> is defined.
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@item ifnd <symbol>
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Conditionally assemble the following lines if <symbol> is undefined.
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@item incbin <file>
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Inserts the binary contents of <file> into the object code at
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this position. The file will be searched first in the current
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directory, then in all paths defined by @option{-I} or @code{incdir}
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in the order of occurence.
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@item incdir <path>
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Add another path to search for include files to the list of
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known paths. Paths defined with @option{-I} on the command line are
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searched first.
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@item include <file>
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Include source text of <file> at this position. The include file
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will be searched first in the current directory, then in all
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paths defined by @option{-I} or @code{incdir} in the order of
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occurence.
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@item list
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The following lines will appear in the listing file, if it was
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requested.
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@item llen <len>
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Set the line length in a listing file to a maximum of <len> characters.
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Currently without any effect.
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@item macro <name>
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Defines a macro which can be referenced by <name>. The <name>
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may also appear at the left side of the @code{macro} directive,
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starting at the first column. Then the operand field is ignored.
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The macro definition is closed
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by an @code{endm} directive. When calling a macro you may pass
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up to 9 arguments, separated by comma. Those arguments are
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referenced within the macro context as @code{\1} to @code{\9}.
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Argument @code{\0} is set to the macro's first qualifier
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(mnemonic extension), when given.
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In Devpac- and PhxAss-compatibility mode up to 35 arguments are
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accepted, where argument 10-35 can be referenced by @code{\a} to
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@code{\z}.
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The special argument @code{\@@} inserts a unique id, useful for
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defining labels. @code{\#} is replaced by the number of arguments
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(also stored in @code{NARG}) and @code{\?n} is replaced by the
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length of argument @code{n}.
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@code{\.} selects the argument indexed by the current value of
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@code{CARG}. @code{\+} and @code{\-} do the same, but additionally
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post-increment and post-decrement @code{CARG}.
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@code{\()} may be used as a separator between the name of a macro
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argument and the subsequent text.
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@item mexit
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Leave the current macro and continue with assembling the parent
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context. Note that this directive also resets the level of conditional
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assembly to a state before the macro was invoked (which means that
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it works as a 'break' command on all new @code{if} directives).
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@item nolist
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The following lines will not be visible in a listing file.
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@item nopage
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Never start a new page in the listing file.
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This implementation will only prevent emitting the formfeed code.
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@item odd
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Aligns to an odd address. Equivalent to @code{cnop 1,2}.
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@item offset [<expression>]
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Switches to a special offset-section. The contents of such a section
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is not included in the output. Their labels may be referenced as
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absolute offset symbols. Can be used to define structure offsets.
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The optional <expression> gives the start offset for this section.
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When missing the last offset of the previous offset-section is used,
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or 0.
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@item org <expression>
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Sets the base address for the subsequent code.
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@item output <name>
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Sets the output file name to @code{<name>} when no output name was
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given on the command line. A special case for Devpac-compatibility
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is when @code{<name>} starts with a @code{'.'} and an output name was
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already given. Then the current output name gets @code{<name>}
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appended as an extension. When an extension already exists,
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then it is replaced.
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@item page
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Start a new page in the listing file (not implemented).
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Make sure to start a new page when the maximum page length is reached.
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@item plen <len>
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The the page length for a listing file to <len> lines.
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Currently ignored.
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@item printt <string>
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Prints <string> to stdout.
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@item printv <expression>
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Evaluate <expression> and print it to stdout out in decimal and
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hexadecimal form.
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@item public <symbol>[,<symbol>...]
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Flag <symbol> as an external symbol, which means that <symbol> is
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visible to all modules in the linking process. It may be either
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defined or undefined.
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@item rem
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The assembler will ignore everything from encountering the @code{rem}
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directive until an @code{erem} directive was found.
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@item rept <expression>
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Repeats the assembly of the block between @code{rept} and @code{endr}
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<expression> number of times. <expression> has to be positive.
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The internal symbol @code{REPTN} always holds the iteration counter
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of the inner repeat loop, starting with 0. @code{REPTN} is -1 outside
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of any repeat block.
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@item rorg <expression>
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Sets the program counter <expression> bytes behind the start of the
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current section. The new program counter must not be smaller than the
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current one. The space will be padded with zeros.
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|
@item <label> rs.<size> <expression>
|
|
Works like the @code{so} directive, with the only difference that
|
|
the offset symbol is named @code{__RS}.
|
|
|
|
@item rsreset
|
|
Equivalent to @code{clrso}, but the symbol manipulated is @code{__RS}.
|
|
|
|
@item rsset
|
|
Equivalent to @code{setso}, but the symbol manipulated is @code{__RS}.
|
|
|
|
@item section [<name>,]<sec_type>[,<mem_type>]]
|
|
Starts a new section named @code{<name>} or reactivates an old one.
|
|
@code{<sec_type>} defines the section type and may be @code{code},
|
|
@code{text} (same as @code{code}), @code{data} or @code{bss}.
|
|
@code{<sec_type>} defaults to @code{code} in Phxass mode. Otherwise
|
|
a single argument will start a section with the type and name of
|
|
@code{<sec_type>}. When @code{<mem_type>} is given
|
|
it defines the type of memory, where the section can
|
|
be loaded. This is Amiga-specific, and allowed identifiers are
|
|
@code{chip} for Chip-RAM and @code{fast} for Fast-RAM. Optionally
|
|
it is also possible to attach the suffix @code{_C}, @code{_F} or
|
|
@code{_P} to the @code{<sec_type>} argument for defining the memory type.
|
|
|
|
@item <symbol> set <expression>
|
|
Create a new symbol with the name <symbol> and assign
|
|
the value of <expression>. If <symbol> is already assigned, it will
|
|
contain a new value from now on.
|
|
|
|
@item setfo <expression>
|
|
Sets the stack-frame offset counter to <expresion>.
|
|
See @code{fo} directive.
|
|
|
|
@item setso <expression>
|
|
Sets the structure offset counter to <expresion>.
|
|
See @code{so} directive.
|
|
|
|
@item <label> so.<size> <expression>
|
|
Assigns the current value of the structure offset counter to <label>.
|
|
Afterwards the counter is incremented by the instruction's <size>
|
|
multiplied by <expression>. Any valid M68k size extension is allowed
|
|
for <size>: b, w, l, q, s, d, x, p.
|
|
The offset counter can also be referenced directly under the name
|
|
@code{__SO}.
|
|
|
|
@item spc <lines>
|
|
Output <lines> number of blank lines in the listing file.
|
|
Currently without any effect.
|
|
|
|
@item text
|
|
Equivalent to @code{section code,code}.
|
|
|
|
@item ttl <name>
|
|
PhxAss syntax. Equivalent to @code{idnt <name>}.
|
|
|
|
@item <name> ttl
|
|
Motorola syntax. Equivalent to @code{idnt <name>}.
|
|
|
|
@item xdef <symbol>[,<symbol>...]
|
|
Flag <symbol> as an global symbol, which means that
|
|
<symbol> is visible to all modules in the linking process.
|
|
See also @code{public}.
|
|
|
|
@item xref <symbol>[,<symbol>...]
|
|
Flag <symbol> as externally defined, which means it has to
|
|
be important from another module in the linking process.
|
|
See also @code{public}.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@section Known Problems
|
|
|
|
Some known problems of this module at the moment:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @minus
|
|
|
|
@item None?
|
|
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@section Error Messages
|
|
|
|
This module has the following error messages:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @minus
|
|
@item 1001: mnemonic expected
|
|
@item 1002: invalid extension
|
|
@item 1003: no space before oprands
|
|
@item 1004: too many closing parentheses
|
|
@item 1005: missing closing parentheses
|
|
@item 1006: missing operand
|
|
@item 1007: garbage at end of line
|
|
@item 1008: syntax error
|
|
@item 1009: invalid data operand
|
|
@item 1010: , expected
|
|
@item 1011: identifier expected
|
|
@item 1012: directive has no effect
|
|
@item 1013: expression must be a constant
|
|
@item 1014: illegal section type
|
|
@item 1015: repeatedly defined symbol
|
|
@item 1016: illegal memory type
|
|
@item 1017: unexpected %s without %s
|
|
@item 1018: endc/endif missing for conditional block started at %s line %d
|
|
@item 1020: maximum if-nesting depth exceeded (%d levels)
|
|
@item 1022: missing %c
|
|
|
|
@end itemize
|