12 KiB
IBM 3270 Protocol
This document describes the protocol used to communicate between IBM 3270 type terminals and IBM 3174 and 3274 controllers.
If you are looking for information on the 3270 data stream (as used by TN3270) I'd recommend the following resources:
- IBM 3270 Data Stream Programmer's Reference (GA23-0059-4)
- Greg Price's 3270 Programming Overview
- Tommy Sprinkles' 3270 Data Stream Programming
For background to the IBM 3270 type terminals and why I am documenting the protocol, see Building an IBM 3270 terminal controller.
This document is a work in progress - I appreciate any feedback, corrections, or contributions.
Devices
The 3270 family consists of the following devices:
- Controller
- Multiplexer
- Display Station - CUT and DFT type terminals
- Printer
Physical Layer
Devices are connected point-to-point by RG-62 coaxial cable with a characteristic impedance of 93 Ω. Converters and baluns can convert the coaxial cable to other media:
- Twisted pair
- Optical fiber
- IBM Cabling System
Differential signaling is used with the coax shield acting as a return.
Data Link Layer
Data is sent at a bit rate of 2.3587 Mb/s in serial fashion using Machester encoding. Frames begin and end with unique start and end sequences, both contain a deliberate violation of the Manchester encoding scheme.
A frame contains one or more 10-bit words. Each 10-bit word within a frame starts with a sync bit and ends with an even parity bit - the parity calculation includes the sync bit. Words are transmitted most significant bit (MSB) first.
All communication is initiated by the controller when it sends a frame containing a command word and optional data words. The attached device responds with a frame containing one or more data words.
Words
Except for the POLL command response, words are either:
- Command - encapsulates a single 8-bit command byte, sent from a controller to an attached device
- Data - encapsulates a single 8-bit data byte
- Transmission Turnaround (TR/TA) - sent as an acknowledgment of a command when there is no response data
| Bit | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Command | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | 0 |
1 |
| Data | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | P | 0 |
| Transmission Turnaround | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Later devices populate an additional odd parity bit in position 1 (P) of
data words; earlier devices leave this 0.
See the POLL command section for a description of the POLL response words.
CUT Terminals
Control Unit Terminal (CUT) type terminals depend on the controller to handle the 3270 data stream. The controller converts the 3270 data stream commands, orders, and attributes to commands and data recognized by the terminal. Distributed Function Terminal (DFT) type terminals, unlike the CUT type, can handle the 3270 data stream natively.
A CUT type terminal consists of the following components considered part of the base feature:
- Display
- Keyboard
- Registers
Optional features include an Extended Attribute Buffer (EAB), a selector pen, and a magnetic stripe reader.
Display
The display contents, including the status line, are stored in the regen buffer - named because it is used to regenerate the displayed image.
The size of the buffer depends on the model:
| Model | Rows | Columns | Buffer Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 24 | 80 | 2000 |
| 3 | 32 | 80 | 2640 |
| 4 | 43 | 80 | 3520 |
| 5 | 27 | 132 | 3696 |
The row count above does not include the status line row, the buffer size does include the status line.
Each byte in the regen buffer represents a cell on the display - the byte may be a character or an attribute byte. Attribute bytes control the formatting of subsequent cells and appear as a blank cell.
The following operations can be performed on the regen buffer:
- Read
- Write - overwrite and insert
- Search
- Clear
The address counter register controls the starting location for these
operations - and also the cursor location. Addresses start at 0, which
represents the start of the status line. The top-left cell address is equal to
the display width, 80 in the case of 80-column mode.
Character Encoding
The character encoding used to represent characters is unique to 3270
terminals; it is not EBCDIC or ASCII. Values below 0xc0 represent displayable
characters.
Attribute Bytes
Attribute bytes control the formatting and capabilities of the characters that follow and store state, such as the modified bit (indicating that the following field has been modified). The attribute byte formatting wraps-around at the end of the regen buffer, meaning an attribute byte in the last regen buffer cell controls the formatting of characters beginning in the top-left cell.
| Bit | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
1 |
P | N | D | D | 0 |
M |
Bits that control the formatting:
| Bits | Description |
|---|---|
5 (P) |
0 - unprotected1 - protected |
3-2 (D) |
00 - normal, not detectable by selector pen01 - normal, detectable by selector pen10 - intense, detectable by selector pen11 - hidden, not detectable by selector pen |
Bits that store state:
| Bits | Description |
|---|---|
4 (N) |
0 - alphanumeric1 - numeric |
0 (M) |
0 - unmodified1 - modified by the operator |
An attribute byte appears as a blank cell on the display. Because the attribute byte takes up space on the display this imposes limitations on screen design.
Status Line
The status line is shown at the bottom of the display. During normal operation,
the status line is managed by the controller, except for the cursor location
area (displayed on the right). The status line begins at address 0.
The status line does not support formatting. The space in the character
encoding used for attribute bytes (0xc0 and above) is used to represent
symbols that are unique to the status line.
Extended Attribute Buffer (EAB)
The Extended Attribute Buffer (EAB) is an optional feature introduced with the IBM 3279 terminal that provides more advanced formatting capabilities. It is implemented as a second buffer that shadows the regen buffer; this buffer only contains extended attribute bytes that control the formatting of the characters in the regen buffer - it does not include any characters.
An extended attribute byte is considered an Extended Field Attribute (EFA) if the byte shadows an attribute byte in the regen buffer, or an Extended Character Attribute (ECA) if it shadows a character byte.
| Bit | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | M | C | C | C | S | S | S |
Bits:
| Bits | Description |
|---|---|
7-6 (M) |
00 - normal (or most recent EFA)01 - blink10 - reverse11 - underline |
5-3 (C) |
000 - base color (or most recent EFA)001 - blue010 - red011 - pink100 - green101 - turquoise110 - yellow111 - white |
2-0 (S) |
000 - base (or most recent EFA)001 - APL010 - PS 2011 - PS 3100 - PS 4101 - PS 5110 - PS 6111 - PS 7 |
Keyboard
Keypresses are stored in a FIFO buffer. If there are any keypresses, the scan
code of the first keypress is returned in response to a POLL command.
Modifier keys such as shift or alt are treated as regular keypresses but trigger a keypress on key down and key up (releasing the key). Depending on the terminal model, the terminal may insert a synthetic release keypress (a unique scan code) before the modifier scan code when a modifier key is released.
Registers
Aside from the display and keyboard buffers, the terminal has the following registers:
- Terminal ID
- Extended ID
- Status
- Address Counter - 16-bit address split into 8-bit high and low registers
- Control
- Secondary Control
- Mask
- Keyboard Clicker State
Registers can be read-only, write-only, or read-write.
Features
Commands
| Feature | Command | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | POLL |
X | X | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | POLL_ACK |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_STATUS |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_TERMINAL_ID |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_EXTENDED_ID |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_ADDRESS_COUNTER_HI |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_ADDRESS_COUNTER_LO |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_DATA |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | READ_MULTIPLE |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | RESET |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | LOAD_CONTROL_REGISTER |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | LOAD_SECONDARY_CONTROL |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | LOAD_MASK |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | LOAD_ADDRESS_COUNTER_HI |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | LOAD_ADDRESS_COUNTER_LO |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | WRITE_DATA |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | CLEAR |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | SEARCH_FORWARD |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | SEARCH_BACKWARD |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | INSERT_BYTE |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | START_OPERATION |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Base | DIAGNOSTIC_RESET |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| All | READ_FEATURE_ID |
F | F | F | F | 0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| EAB | READ_DATA |
F | F | F | F | 0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| EAB | LOAD_MASK |
F | F | F | F | 0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| EAB | WRITE_ALTERNATE |
F | F | F | F | 1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| EAB | READ_MULTIPLE |
F | F | F | F | 1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| EAB | WRITE_UNDER_MASK |
F | F | F | F | 1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| EAB | READ_STATUS |
F | F | F | F | 1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
References
- IBM 3270 Information Display System Introduction (GA27-2739-22)
- IBM 3270 Information Display System Component Description (GA27-2749-10)
- CHIPS 82C570
- NS DP8340
- NS DP8341
- NS DP8344
- IRMA Technical Reference